<p>Tel Sheva  or Tell es-Seba  is an archeological site in southern Israel believed to be the remains of the biblical town of Beersheba. It lies east of the modern city of Beersheba and west of the new Bedouin town of Tel Sheva/Tell as-Sabi. Tel Sheva has been preserved and made accessible to visitors in the Tel Beer Sheva National Park .</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name is derived from the Hebrew be&#39;er, meaning a well, and sheva, meaning "seven".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h2>In the Hebrew Bible</h2><br>
<p>Beer-sheba is mentioned 33 times in the biblical text. It is often used when describing a border, such as “from Dan to Beer-sheba” (Judges 20:1; 1 Sam. 3:20; 2 Sam. 3:10, 17:11, 24:2, 24:15; 1 Kings 4:25; 2 Kings 23:8), but it is also a significant center in the patriarchal narratives. Abraham dwelt at Beer-sheba (Genesis 22:19), Abraham and Abimelech entered a covenant at Beer-sheba (Genesis 21:32), and Abraham planted a tamarisk tree at Beer-sheba (Genesis 21:33). The Lord spoke to both Isaac and Jacob, Abraham’s son and grandson respectively, at Beer-sheba (Genesis 26:23; Genesis 46:1). Beer-sheba is also the site of two significant wells: Abraham’s well at Beer-sheba was seized by Abimelech’s men (Genesis 21:25), and Isaac’s servants dug a well at Beer-sheba also (Genesis 26:25). Additionally, archaeological evidence of the dismantling of the altar at Tel Beer-sheba strongly supports a correlation with the biblical account of the cultic reform carried out by King Hezekiah (2 Kings 18:22).</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>Tel Beer-sheba, the site of the ancient city, is located on a hill overlooking the Wadi Beer-sheba about two and a half miles east of the modern city of Beersheba. The site was excavated from 1969 to 1976 by the Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology, directed by Prof. Yohanan Aharoni, except for the last season which was led by Prof. Zeev Herzog. Most of the dig was devoted to uncovering the great, fortified, Israelite city traditionally dating to the United Monarchy of King David (his reign being dated from 1000 B.C.E.) and, later, to the kingdom of Judah (980–701 B.C.E.). During the last three seasons of excavation (1974–1976), an effort was made to go below Beer-sheba of Iron Age II to find earlier occupation. A considerable part of the site was dug down to bedrock in order to find the earliest settlements at Beer-sheba. This effort revealed four earlier occupational strata (Strata VI through IX). Excavations were renewed by Prof Herzog between 1993 and 1995 in order to complete the uncovering of the towns water system.</p><br>
<h2>Iron Age I</h2><br>
<p>The earliest occupation at Beer-sheba during Iron Age I (Stratum IX) was represented only by seven large pits about 22 to 25 feet in diameter. Archaeologists believe that the entire settlement of this stratum covered about 2,990 sq. yards, approximately the area of half of a football field. It likely contained about 20 dwelling pits and 10 granaries and would have housed from 100 to 140 people. Stratum IX was abandoned then reused, new structures being added to the old. In Stratum VIII, which dates to the 11th century B.C.E., archaeologists found houses for the first time. Like Stratum IX, Stratum VIII was abandoned rather than destroyed. The pottery suggests that the same people who lived in Stratum VIII built Stratum VII at the end of the 11th century B.C.E., which comprised five domestic units in a possibly enclosed settlement.</p><br>
<h2>Iron Age II</h2><br>
<p>The settlement of Beer-sheba was probably first fortified during the Iron IIA. Some archaeologists believe that Beer-sheba, which was on the southern border of the fledgling Israelite kingdom, was fortified by King Saul at the end of the 11th century B.C.E. during wars against the Amalekites. However, on the basis of interregional comparisons and recent radiocarbon evidence, this settlement phase probably belongs in the late – 10th or 9th century B.C.E. The best preserved layout of the Iron II city may be reconstructed from Stratum II, which dates to the late 8th century B.C.E. during the Iron IIB. At this time, the city was destroyed in a conflagration, possibly during the campaign of Sennacherib in 701 B.C.E. Reconstructed plans of the city suggest that Beer-sheba was planned as a coherent entity with areas for administrative structures and for dwellings incorporated into a single system. Fortifications included a casemate wall and a four-room city gate. Drains running under some of the streets conducted rain-water out of the city and a well-preserved water system of cisterns provided the inhabitants with water. The incorporation of the houses into the casemate wall suggests that its occupants were directly responsible for the city’s defense and reflects the military and administrative function of the entire city. Archaeologists estimate around 350 people lived in the city of Beer-sheba during this period.</p><br>
<h2>National park; UNESCO recognition</h2><br>
<p>The site was restored by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority in 1990. In 2003, its water system was opened to the public as well. The excavated town is now open for visitors under the name Tel Be&#39;er Sheva National Park.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Tel Sheva was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Of more than 200 tels in Israel, Beersheba was cited as one of the most representative, containing substantial remains of a city with biblical connections.</p><br>
<h3>Horned altar</h3><br>
<p>One of the most significant discoveries at Tel Beer-sheba is that of a horned animal altar, the first ever unearthed in Israel. Altars with horns at each of their four corners are mentioned frequently in the Bible (Lev. 4:7, 18, 25; Ex. 29:12, 30:2; 38:2; 1 Kings 1:50; 2:28). The altar was not found assembled in situ, but was discovered in secondary use—the stones of the altar had later been incorporated into a wall. There was an unresolved debate about the dating of the altar between Professor Aharoni and Professor Yigael Yadin of Hebrew University that remains undecided. Professor Aharoni believed that the Beer-sheba altar was one of the altars which was dismantled as part of Hezekiah’s religious reforms. Its stones were then reused in an 8th-century wall, and the wall itself was destroyed at the end of the 8th century, probably during Sennacherib’s Judean campaign of 701 B.C. However, Professor Yadin of Hebrew University dates this wall more than 100 years later than Professor Aharoni. According to Professor Yadin, the wall was probably destroyed about the time the Babylonians captured and destroyed Jerusalem (587 B.C.).</p><br>
<p>Silver Lake is a 969 acre water body located in Carroll County in eastern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Madison. The village of Silver Lake within Madison lies at the north end of the lake. Water from Silver Lake flows via the West Branch, through the Ossipee Pine Barrens to Ossipee Lake and ultimately to the Saco River in Maine.</p><br>
<p>Much of the lakes perimeter is forested, but there are numerous swimming spots. Popular beaches include "the foot" of the lake, "Nichols Beach", and "the head of the lake." It was the summer home of E. E. Cummings whose father had built two houses on the lakes eastern shore and later purchased the nearby Joy Farm where Cummings&#39; spent most of his summers as well as his final days.</p><br>
<p>The lake is classified as a cold- and warmwater fishery, with observed species including rainbow trout, lake trout, lake whitefish, smallmouth bass, chain pickerel, and horned pout.</p><br>
<p>Abyss Pool is a hot spring in the West Thumb Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pool was named by Chief Park Naturalist Clyde M. Bauer, possibly after a reference to Lieutenant G.C. Doane&#39;s 1870 description of a spring in this area which spoke of the visibility of objects in the "deep abysses" of the pool. A visitor in 1883 described it as "a great, pure, sparkling sapphire rippling with heat.".</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Abyss Pool has a depth of 53 ft. The pool erupted for the first time in recorded history between August 1987 and September 1991 and again between December 1991 and June 1992. The eruptions were between 30 ft and 100 ft high. Since 1992, the pool has returned to its non-eruptive state.</p><br>
<p>Spofford Lake is a 732 acre water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Chesterfield. Water from Spofford Lake flows via Partridge Brook to the Connecticut River. In 2005 the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department named it the cleanest lake in southwestern New Hampshire, despite the amount of motor boating. The village of Spofford is located at the lake&#39;s outlet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A popular recreational destination during the late 19th century, the lake figured in a tragedy that received notice well outside its rural environs. On May 26, 1882, while on tour with a company organized by Clara Louise Kellogg, the 19-year-old classical pianist Herman Rietzel, already a concert veteran and considered to be well-launched on a promising career, joined George Conly, a bass singer with the company, for a pleasure outing on the lake. Later that day, their rowboat was found capsized; Reitzels body was not recovered until the following June 7, and Conlys not until a week later still.</p><br>
<p>Actor-comedian George Carlin spent several summers at Camp Notre Dame on Spofford Lake (along with SNL director Dave "Wacky" Wilson and New Yorker cartoonist Leo Cullum-the camp was owned by the Cullum family) in his childhood; after his death in 2008, he was cremated and part of his ashes were scattered in the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Ware&#39;s Grove and North Shore are two municipal beaches on the lake. North Shore is for residents only, while Wares Grove, near the southwest end of the lake, along New Hampshire Route 9A, has an entrance fee and is open to the general public. A state-maintained boat ramp is available to the west of Wares Grove, affording access to Pierces Island, managed by the New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands and offering hiking trails. Pine Grove Springs Country Club is a golf course in Spofford next to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is a popular recreational activity on the lake. The lake is classified as a cold- and warmwater fishery, and is known for producing quality smallmouth bass, rainbow trout, northern pike, and especially largemouth bass. Rock bass were introduced to the lake in the late 1990s and have proven to be a nuisance to anglers.</p><br>
<p>Stinson Lake is a 342 acre water body located in the town of Rumney in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The lake is in the southern part of the White Mountains and is the largest lake in the White Mountain National Forest. Water from Stinson Lake flows via Stinson Brook, the Baker River, and the Pemigewasset River to the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a result of glacier deposits. It has a maximum depth of 77 ft, with a few shallow banks around the southern rim. It has a cove to the southwest with a dam to stabilize the lake level. Stinson is one of the few lakes around the region without parasitic plants. Its waters are very clear, with visibility to 25 ft of depth.</p><br>
<p>Stinson Lake lies in the northern corner of Rumney, just south of the town boundary with Ellsworth and northwest of 2,900 ft Stinson Mountain. Most of the lake is fronted by private property and cabins, but boating access is available next to the former Stinson Lake Store on the western side of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Hiking trails lead from near Stinson Lake southeast to the summit of Stinson Mountain and north to Mount Kineo, Mount Carr, and the Three Ponds area. The village of Stinson Lake is at the lake&#39;s outlet, at the top of a long climb up the paved Stinson Lake Road from the village of Rumney. Stinson Lake Road is open year-round, while the gravel road from Ellsworth and Campton is only open from late spring through early fall.</p><br>
<p>The lake is classified as a cold- and warmwater fishery, with observed species including rainbow trout, lake trout, smallmouth bass, chain pickerel, and brown bullhead.</p><br>
<p>The Salish Sea  is the intricate network of coastal waterways that includes the southwestern portion of the Canadian province of British Columbia and the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Washington. Its major bodies of water are the Strait of Georgia, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Puget Sound. It reaches from Desolation Sound at the north end of the Strait of Georgia to Oakland Bay at the head of Hammersley Inlet at the south end of Puget Sound. The inland waterways of the Salish Sea are partially separated from the open Pacific Ocean by Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula, and are thus partially shielded from Pacific Ocean storms. Major port cities on the Salish Sea include Vancouver, Seattle, Tacoma, Bellingham, Port Angeles and Victoria. Much of the coast is part of a megalopolis stretching from West Vancouver, British Columbia to Olympia, Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Definition</h2><br>
<p>The Salish Sea includes the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and all their connecting channels and adjoining waters, such as Haro Strait, Rosario Strait, Bellingham Bay, Hood Canal, and the waters around and between the San Juan Islands in the USA state of Washington and the Gulf Islands in British Columbia, Canada. The western boundary is the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, defined as a line between Cape Flattery and Carmanah Point. The southern boundary is the southern end of Puget Sound. The northern boundary reaches just beyond the northern end of the Strait of Georgia to include waters that experience the floodstream or tidal surge from the south: Discovery Passage south of Seymour Narrows, Sutil Channel south of Penn Islands, Lewis Channel (between Cortes and West Redonda Island), Waddington Channel (between West Redonda and East Redonda Island), and Pendrell Sound, Desolation Sound, and the southern portion of Homfray Channel (between East Redonda Island and the mainland). These boundaries were based on the 2002 "Georgia Basin–Puget Sound Ecosystem Indicators Report". The total extent of the Salish Sea is about 18,000 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<h3>Origin of the term</h3><br>
<p>The first known use of the term Salish Sea was in 1988, when marine biologist Bert Webber from Bellingham, Washington, created the name for the combined waters in the region with the intention to complement the names Georgia Strait, Puget Sound, and Strait of Juan de Fuca, not replace them. The adoption of the term, he said, would raise consciousness about taking care of the regions waters and ecosystems. Webbers efforts are credited with the official recognition of the term in Canada and the USA</p><br>
<h3>Coast Salish peoples</h3><br>
<p>The Coast Salish are the indigenous peoples who live in southwest British Columbia and northwest Washington along the Salish Sea and share a common linguistic and cultural origin. The Coast Salish are seen as one of the main cultural and linguistic branches of a larger group known as Salishan or Salish. Five divisions of the Salish language family are recognized, with Coast Salish and Interior Salish being the primary two. The Salish family consists of 23 separate languages. European and American explorers first encountered Salishan people along the Pacific Northwest coast in the late 18th century. The first detailed information was obtained by the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-1806. The term "Salish" was originally applied only to the Interior Salish Flathead tribe living in the region of Flathead Lake, Montana. The Flathead Nation continues to refer to their language and culture as Salish. A variant name for Flathead Lake is "Selish Lake". The name Salish Sea was coined only in the late 20th century. No overarching title exists for this area or even a commonly shared name for any of the waterbodies in any of the Coast Salish languages.</p><br>
<p>The waterways of the Salish Sea were important trade routes for the Coast Salish, and they remain a source of food and other resources for the indigenous peoples. The basin includes territory of not only Coast Salish peoples, but also the Northern Wakashan Kwakwaka&#39;wakw and Southern Wakashan peoples (the Nuu-chah-nulth, Makah, and Ditidaht) and, formerly, that of the Chimakum (a Chimakuan people related to the Quileute who no longer exist as a recognizable group, having been wiped out by the Suquamish and others in the 19th century).</p><br>
<h3>Official recognition</h3><br>
<p>In March 2008, the Chemainus First Nation proposed renaming the strait the "Salish Sea," an idea that reportedly met with approval by B.C.&#39;s Aboriginal Relations Minister Mike de Jong, who pledged to put it before the B.C. cabinet for discussion. Making the name "Salish Sea" official required a formal application to the Geographical Names Board of Canada. A parallel American movement promoting the name had a different definition, combining of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound as well as the Strait of Georgia and related waters under the name Salish Sea.</p><br>
<p>In August 2009, the British Columbia Geographical Names Office approved a resolution recommending that the Geographical Names Board of Canada adopt the name Salish Sea contingent on approval by the United States Board on Geographic Names. The name was endorsed by the Washington State Board on Geographic Names in late October, 2009.</p><br>
<p>It was approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names on November 12, 2009, and by the British Columbia Geographical Names Office in February 2010. The French name Mer de Salish is also official in Canada.</p><br>
<h3>Opposition</h3><br>
<p>Opponents to the Salish Sea designation assert that it is really a series of interconnected straits, sounds and inlets. Others oppose it for historical reasons and question the validity of the term "Salish". Despite these objections, the geographic boards of both Canada and the United States have officially recognized the name since the year 2010.</p><br>
<h3>Other names</h3><br>
<p>The region encompassing these waterways is or was also known variously as the Georgia–Puget or Puget–Georgia Basin, or in the singular as the Georgia Depression, the Georgia Basin or Puget Sound et al. The Canadian half of the region was originally named in 1792 by George Vancouver, and often remains referred to as the Gulf of Georgia, a term which encompasses the Strait of Georgia and all other waters peripheral to it, as well as to the communities lining its shores or on its islands. Like the term "Puget Sound," the terms "Georgia Strait" and "Gulf of Georgia" refer to the general region as well as the body of water.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Fish</h3><br>
<p>Scientists have identified 253 fish species observed in marine or brackish waters of the Salish Sea ecosystem. These 253 species, encompassing one myxinid, two petromyzontids, 18 chondrichthyans, two chondrosteans, and 230 teleosts, are contained within 78 families and 31 orders.</p><br>
<p>The 78 resident killer whales suffer from toxins and fewer salmon.</p><br>
<p>The Windsor Avenue Congregational Church is historic church at 2030 Main Street in Hartford, Connecticut. The brick Romanesque Revival-style church building now houses the Faith Congregational Church, whose lineage includes the city&#39;s oldest African-American congregation. The current congregation has been at this location since Talcott Street Congregational Church merged with Mother Bethel Methodist Church in 1953 to become Faith Congregational Church. The building was designed by Hartford architect Samuel J. F. Thayer and built in 1871–72. The founding congregation merged with another congregation in 1954 to form the Horace Bushnell Congregational Church, which is located in the former Fourth Congregational Church building at Albany and Vine Streets.</p><br>
<p>Since its founding in 1819 Talcott Street Congregational Church has a history as an early African American church. The church is a stop on the Connecticut Freedom Trail and was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Scarecrow Island is a small, 7-acre  island in Lake Huron. It forms the southern limit of Thunder Bay and helps define the harbor of Alpena, Michigan. It is part of Sanborn Township, in Alpena County, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>In recognition of Scarecrow Island&#39;s importance as a traditional nesting site for colonial waterbirds such as cormorants, herons, gulls, and terns, it received protection as one of eight islands in the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1943. In 1970, it was designated as one of three islands in the Michigan Islands Wilderness. The island is administered as a satellite of the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge. Adjacent waters of Thunder Bay became part of the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Located off Hardwood Point, Scarecrow Island is situated in the center of a region rich in fish. A 2002 study conducted the USA Fish and Wildlife Service documented the occurrence of seven species of fish in the immediate vicinity of the island, with round whitefish, trout-perch, and lake chub predominating.</p><br>
<p>Like many other islands in the Great Lakes, Scarecrow Island is a relict of the Wisconsin glacial period. A melting Ice Age glacier dumped a large quantity of rocks and gravel onto a gouged-out surface that became part of the bed of Lake Huron.</p><br>
<p>New Melones Lake is a reservoir on the Stanislaus River in the central Sierra Nevada foothills, within Calaveras County and Tuolumne County, California.</p><br>
<p>The New Melones Dam and reservoir are a water collection and transfer unit of the Central Valley Project. New Melones Lake provides irrigation water, hydroelectric power, flood control, and wildlife habitat. Recreation uses include fishing, camping, and boating within the Glory Hole Recreation Area and Tuttletown Recreation Area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is impounded by the New Melones Dam, and has a 2,400,000 acre.ft capacity with a surface area of 12,500 acre. When full, the shoreline is more than 100 mi long.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir and dam are located west of Jamestown and Sonora, and south of Angels Camp. The Archie Stevenot Bridge, completed in 1976, carries Hwy 49 across the lake and border between Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Stanislaus River and environs experienced dramatic changes beginning with the Gold Rush. The site of the reservoir is at the very heart of Gold Country, and development began there with the arrival of the miners in the 1840s. Water was immediately diverted, the riverbeds scoured for gold, and the banks colonized by miners and the businesses that served them. By 1900 the flowing water was used to create electricity. Some of it was diverted into canals for use in San Joaquin Valley agriculture.</p><br>
<p>The original Melones Dam was completed in 1926, forming a smaller Melones Lake reservoir.</p><br>
<h3>New Melones Project</h3><br>
<p>The New Melones Project was authorized in 1944 to create a much larger reservoir and to establish a new hydroelectric plant. It would also be specifically designed to prevent floods.</p><br>
<p>It was a controversial project. The dams opponents argued that its presence would inundate the river valley, eliminate the natural whitewater rapids, flood many of the massive unique limestone cave formations characteristic of the area, and destroy archaeological resources found along the river. The environmental organization Friends of the River was formed to fight the dam. Initial archaeological surveys were made by the Smithsonian River Basin Surveys in 1948 (Fredrickson 1949). Further surveys were done by regional universities. The consensus after the surveys was that the dam would be built. Upon the dams completion, the valley filled with water, covering the old mining town of Melones and the original Melones Dam.</p><br>
<p>The lake was constructed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers and transferred to the USA Bureau of Reclamation shortly after its completion in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Cultural resources affected by the project were transferred to the Department of the Interior with the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Services (HCRS, a short-lived organization that was established during the Carter administration) responsible for the archaeological mitigation program. New Melones is a unit of the Central Valley Project.</p><br>
<h2>New Melones Visitor Center and Museum</h2><br>
<p>The New Melones Visitor Center and Museum contains information about local history, cultural and natural history. Exhibits focus on the use of the Stanislaus River by prehistoric and historic peoples, including Miwok Indians, the California Gold Rush, ranchers, and the now defunct community of Robinson Ferry, renamed Melones in 1902. Other exhibits highlight the area&#39;s geologic past, natural history and the New Melones project.</p><br>
<p>The Grison Alps are the mountains of the Graubünden canton of Switzerland . There are many significant peaks in the Grison Alps, including the Tödi  and the highest peak, Piz Bernina . Many of the mountain ranges feature extensive glaciers, such as at the Adula, the Albula, the Silvretta, the Bernnina or the Rätikon range. The Grison Alps include parts of both the Eastern Alps and the Western Alps. The Eastern Alps located in Graubünden are the Rhaetian Alps, which is part to the Central Eastern Alps. The Rhaetian Alps consists of the following mountain ranges: Samnaun Alps, Rätikon, Silvretta, Sesvenna Range, Albula Range, Plessur Range, Oberhalbstein Range, Livigno Range, Bregaglia Range and the Bernina Range. The Western Alps located in Graubünden, include portions of the Lepontine Alps and the Glarus Alps.</p><br>
<p>The Ulysses S. Grant Home in Galena, Illinois is the former home of Ulysses S. Grant, the Civil War general and later 18th President of the United States. The home was designed by William Dennison and constructed in 1859 - 1860. The home was given to Grant by residents of Galena in 1865 as thanks for his war service, and has been maintained as a memorial to Grant since 1904.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed in the Italianate style by William Dennison. Typical of buildings done in that style, the home featured well defined rectangular shapes, a roof with a low pitch, balustraded balconies extending out over covered porches, and projecting eaves.</p><br>
<h2>Julia Grant statue</h2><br>
<p>A statue of First Lady Julia Grant was placed on the grounds of the Grant Home and dedicated in 2006. A statue of USA Grant stands in Galena&#39;s Grant Park, which is visible from the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Historic recognition</h2><br>
<p>Located on Bouthillier Street, the USA Grant Home State Historic Site is owned by the state of Illinois and managed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a historic house museum with rooms furnished to represent a mid-1860s appearance. Many of the furnishings belonged to the Grant family. Tours are given by interpreters dressed in period costumes. Information is given about Grant&#39;s activities during the Civil War up through his presidency. An adjacent building houses exhibits about Grant and the history of the home.</p><br>
<p>The Grant Home was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 19, 1960 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966, upon that program&#39;s inception. The Grant House also lies within the Galena Historic District, designated in 1969. The district has more than 1,000 contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Cape Fold Belt is a fold and thrust belt of late Paleozoic age, which affected the sequence of sedimentary rock layers of the Cape Supergroup in the southwestern corner of South Africa. It was originally continuous with the Ventana Mountains near Bahía Blanca in Argentina, the Pensacola Mountains , the Ellsworth Mountains  and the Hunter-Bowen orogeny in eastern Australia. The rocks involved are generally sandstones and shales, with the shales  persisting in the valley floors while the erosion resistant sandstones  form the parallel ranges, the Cape Fold Mountains, which reach a maximum height of 2325 m at Seweweekspoortpiek .</p><br>
<p>The Cape Fold Mountains form a series of parallel ranges that run along the south-western and southern coastlines of South Africa for 850 km from the Cederberg 200 km to the north of the Cape Peninsula, and then along the south coast as far as Port Elizabeth, 650 km to the east (see the two maps one above the other on the right).</p><br>
<h2>Geological origin</h2><br>
<p>The rocks were laid down as sediments in a rift valley that developed in southern Gondwana, just south of Southern Africa, during the Cambrian-Ordovician Periods (starting about 510 million years ago, and ending about 330-350 million years ago). (See the yellow block labeled C on the Earth&#39;s geological timeline diagram on the right.) An 8-km-thick layer of sediment, known as the Cape Supergroup (see below), accumulated on the floor of this rift valley. Closure of the rift valley, starting 330 million years ago, resulted from the development of a subduction zone along the southern margin of Gondwana, and the consequent drift of the Falkland Plateau back towards Africa, during the Carboniferous and early Permian periods. After closure of the rift valley, and rucking of the Cape Supergroup into a series of parallel folds, running mainly east-west (with a short section running north-south in the west, due to collision with eastward moving Patagonia), the continued subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Falkland Plateau and the resulting collision of the latter with Southern Africa, raised a mountain range of immense proportions to the south of the former rift valley. The folded Cape Supergroup formed the northern foothills of this towering mountain range.</p><br>
<p>The weight of the Falkland-Cape Supergroup mountains caused the continental crust of Southern Africa to sag, forming a retroarc foreland system, into which the Karoo Supergroup was deposited. Eventually much of the Cape Supergroup became buried under these Karoo deposits, only to re-emerge as mountains when upliftment of the subcontinent, about 180 million years ago, and again 20 million years ago, started an episode of continuous erosion that was to remove many kilometers of surface deposits from Southern Africa. Although the tops of the original Cape Fold Mountains were eroded away, they eroded much slower than the considerably softer Karoo deposits to the north. Thus the Cape Fold Belt "erupted" from the eroding African landscape to form the parallel ranges of mountains that run for 800 km along the southern and south-western Cape coastline today. In fact, they form the coastline, either sloping steeply directly into the sea, or are separated from it by a relatively narrow coastal plain.</p><br>
<p>The Falkland Mountain range had probably eroded into relative insignificance by the mid-Jurassic Period, and started drifting to the south-west soon after Gondwana began to break up 150 million years ago, leaving the Cape Fold Belt to edge the southern portion of the newly formed African continent. Even though the mountains are very old by Andean and Alpine standards, they remain steep and rugged due to their quartzitic sandstone geology (see below) making them very resistant to weathering. The famous Table Mountain forms part of the Cape Fold Belt, being made up of the local lowest (oldest) strata of the Cape Supergroup, composed predominantly of quartzitic sandstone which forms the impressive, almost vertical cliffs which characterize the mountain and the rest of the range which constitutes the backbone of the Cape Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The degree to which the original Cape Fold mountains (formed during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods) have been eroded is attested to by the fact that the 1 km high Table Mountain on the Cape Peninsula is a syncline mountain, meaning that it formed part of the bottom of a valley when the Cape Supergroup was initially folded. The anticline, or highest elevation of the fold between Table Mountain and the Hottentots-Holland Mountains (1.2 to 1.6 km elevation), on the opposite side of the isthmus connecting the Peninsula to the Mainland, has been eroded away. The Malmesbury shale and granite basement on which this anticline mountain rested also formed an anticline; but being composed of much softer rocks, readily eroded into a 50 km wide flat plain, (now covered with dune sands) called the "Cape Flats".</p><br>
<p>The Cape Fold Belt (i.e. the mountain ranges) extends from about Clanwilliam (approximately 200 km north of Cape Town), to about Port Elizabeth (approximately 650 km east of Cape Town). The Cape Supergroup sediments beyond these points are not folded into mountain ranges, but do, in places, form steep cliffs or gorges, where the surrounding sediments have been eroded away (see, for instance, Oribi Gorge in KwaZulu-Natal).</p><br>
<p>The mountains, although only of moderate height, are majestic and dramatic. This is due in part to numerous geological factors; The ranges usually have few to no foothills and rise directly from valley floors. The bases of the mountains are usually at or near sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Cape Supergroup</h2><br>
<p>The mountains of the Cape Fold Belt are composed of rocks belonging to the Cape Supergroup, which is more extensive than the Fold Belt. The Supergroup is divided into several distinct Groups.</p><br>
<p>The western and southern extents of the Supergroup have been folded into a series of longitudinal mountain ranges, by the collision of the Falkland Plateau into what would later become South Africa (see diagrams on the left). However, the entire suite in this region slopes downwards towards the north and east, so that the oldest rocks are exposed in the south and west, while the youngest members of the Supergroup are exposed in the north, where the entire Cape Supergroup dives beneath the Karoo rocks. Drilling in the Karoo has established that Cape Supergroup rocks are found below the surface up to approximately 150 km north of their northernmost exposure on the surface.</p><br>
<p>The Cape Supergroup extends eastwards beyond the Fold Belt into the Eastern Cape and northern KwaZulu-Natal, where no folding took place.</p><br>
<h3>Klipheuwel and Natal Groups</h3><br>
<p>The initial sedimentation into the rift valley which developed in southern Gondwana (see diagram at top left) was confined to the western and eastern ends of the rift. Rivers diverted into these early rifts deposited sand and gravel to form the Klipheuwel Group in the west, and the Natal Group in the east.</p><br>
<p>The Natal Group, which is similar to the Table Mountain Group (see below), is found in several elongated patches near the coast of the northern Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. It forms the impressive cliffs of Oribi Gorge, and can also be seen in a road cutting between Durban and Pietermaritzburg, particularly at the Marian Hill Toll Plaza.</p><br>
<h3>Table Mountain Group</h3><br>
<p>With the widening and deepening of the rift valley, the entire southern portion of what was to become South Africa, as far as a line extending from Calvinia in the west to East London in the east, plus the KwaZulu-Natal coastline, became flooded, leading to a seaway across the southern and eastern parts of the country, called the Agulhas Sea. The sea floor consisted of the Klipheuwel Group in the west, the Natal Group in the east, and eroded pre-Cambrian rocks in between.</p><br>
<p>The first sediments into the initially still shallow, possibly inland, sea were alternating layers of maroon colored mudstones and buff colored sandstones, each mostly between 10 and 30 cm thick. The mudstone units commonly display ripple marks from the ebb and flow of tidal currents, as well as polygonal sand-filled mud cracks that indicate occasional exposure to desiccation. This layer, known as the Graafwater Formation, reaches a maximum thickness of 400 m, but on the Cape Peninsula it is only 60–70 m thick. No fossils have been found in the Graafwater rocks, but shallow-water animal tracks have been found. A particularly good example of these tracks can be viewed in the foyer of Geology Department of the University of Stellenbosch, where a slab of Graafwater rock from the Cederberg mountains has been built into the wall.</p><br>
<p>The cutting for Chapman’s Peak Drive, on the Cape Peninsula, is carved into the Graafwater Formation which overlays the Cape Granite basement rock below the road. The Graafwater Formation can also be clearly seen in the cutting on the second hairpin bend as the Ou Kaapse Weg (road) goes up the slope from Westlake on to the Silvermine plateau. In the cutting one can also see the abrupt and obvious transition into the Peninsula Formation above it. Looking up the slope from below to the first hairpin bend, the granite basement on which the Graafwater formation rests is visible. And in the cutting at the first hairpin bend, the ocher-colored, gritty clay into which the granite weathers is clearly displayed.</p><br>
<p>With further subsidence of the rift valley floor, and possibly breaking through to the ocean, the sediments abruptly become more sandy, indicative of a sudden increase in the depth of the Agulhas Sea (see photograph on the right). A deposit, known as the Peninsula Formation (also often referred to as Table Mountain Sandstone), consisting of thickly layered quartzitic sandstone, with a maximum thickness of 2000 m, was laid down. These sandstones are very hard, and erosion resistant. They therefore form the bulk of mountains and steep cliffs and rugged crags of the Cape Fold Belt, including the upper 600 m of the 1 km high Table Mountain, below which Cape Town is situated. It contains no fossils.</p><br>
<p>The Peninsula formation can be traced from 300 km north of Cape Town (i.e. about 50 km north of Vanrhynsdorp on the West Coast), southwards to Cape Town and then eastwards to northern KwaZulu-Natal, a total distance of approximately 1800 km, roughly along the South African coastline. Only the section between Clanwilliam (approximately 200 km north of Cape Town) and Port Elizabeth (approximately 650 km east of Cape Town) is folded into the Cape Fold Mountains.</p><br>
<p>During the laying down of the Peninsula Formation sediments, the western portion of the region was covered for a brief period of time by glaciers. The diamictite sediments that were laid down by these glaciers, or in glacial lakes, are known as the Pakhuis and Cederberg Formations. A small patch of Pakhuis tillite occurs on the top of Table Mountain at Maclear’s beacon, but most of the Pakhuis and Cederberg Formations are found as a thin layer (on average only about 60 m thick) in the Peninsula Formation rocks of the more inland mountains to the west of a line between Swellendam and Calvinia. These diamictite rocks are composed of finely ground mud, containing a jumble of faceted pebbles. They can easily be recognized at a distance as this formation readily erodes into fertile, gently sloping, green swaths in a landscape where this contrasts starkly with the bare rocky surfaces of the quartzites above and below. In several locations the quartzites below the glacial horizon have been rucked into a series of folds. This is believed to have been caused by the movement of ice ploughing into the underlying unconsolidated sands. A good example of this can be seen on a ridge of rocks near Maclear’s Beacon on Table Mountain, close to the edge of the plateau overlooking the Cape Town City Bowl and Table Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Pakhuis Formation is also well exposed on the road along Michell’s Pass just below the Tolhuis, and especially on the Pakhuis Pass near Clanwilliam, from which the formation derives its name.</p><br>
<p>The glaciers which formed the Pakhuis and Cederberg formations came from the north west, in the direction of the South Pole which was located in the neighborhood of Cameroon at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Peninsula Formation, above the Pakhuis and Cederberg Formations, consists of much softer sandstone than the Lower Peninsula Formation, and is often referred to as the Nardouw Formation. In the Cederberg this formation has been eroded by the wind into a wide variety of "sculptures", caves, and other fascinating structures for which these mountains have become well-known.</p><br>
<h3>Bokkeveld Group</h3><br>
<p>About 400 million years ago (in the early Devonian Period) there was further subsidence of the rift valley floor. This brought about the deposition of deeper-water, fine grained sediments of the Bokkeveld Group. This is in marked contrast to the predominantly sandy sediments of the Table Mountain Group. The Bokkeveld Group consists predominantly mudstones.</p><br>
<p>After the Cape Supergroup had been folded into the Cape Fold Mountains, these soft mudstones readily washed away from the mountain tops, and only remain in the valleys. Here they form the fertile soils on which the vineyards and fruit orchards of the Western Cape flourish with the help of irrigation from the rivers that have their sources in the surrounding mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Bokkeveld Group does not extend on to the Cape Peninsula or its isthmus (the Cape Flats). Here the Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl, Durbanville, Tulbagh and Constantia vineyards have been planted on the weathered Cape Granite and Malmesbury shale soils, which form the basement rocks on which the Cape Supergroup rocks in this region rest.</p><br>
<p>The Bokkeveld Group extends eastwards to Port Alfred (near Grahamstown), approximately 120 km beyond the eastern extent of the Cape Fold Belt.</p><br>
<p>The bulk of the fossils found in the Cape Supergroup occur in the Bokkeveld mudstones. They include a variety of brachiopods, as well as trilobites, molluscs, echinoderms (including starfish, crinoids, and the extinct blastoids and cystoids), foraminifera and fish with jaws (placoderms).</p><br>
<h3>Witteberg Group</h3><br>
<p>The upper layers of the Bokkeveld Group become increasingly more sandy, grading into the sandstone of the Witteberg Group, named for the range of mountains to the south of Matjiesfontein and Laingsburg in the southern Karoo. These rocks were laid down 370 - 330 million years ago in the silted up, and therefore shallow marine conditions of what remained of the Agulhas Sea. The group contains fewer fossils than the Bokkeveld Group, but the assemblage that is preserved includes primitive fish, an extinct species of shark, brachiopods, bivalves, and a meter long sea scorpion. There are also plant fossils and numerous animal tracks.</p><br>
<p>The Witteberg Group is truncated by the overlying Dwyka sediments of glacial origin. The latter forms part of the Karoo Supergroup. Therefore, the Witteberg Group forms the uppermost layer of the Cape Supergroup. It tends to form the most inland outcrops of the Cape Supergroup, and can be traced eastwards as far as the Bokkeveld Group can be traced (i.e. to Port Alfred), about 120 km beyond the Cape Fold Belt.</p><br>
<p>The Bokkeveld and Witteberg groups do not occur in the north-eastern Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, where the Cape Supergroup is represent only by the Natal Group and a trace of the Peninsula Formation (without the intervening Graafwater Formation).</p><br>
<h3>Formation of the Fold Mountains</h3><br>
<p>The Witteberg sediments were laid down in what remained of the Agulhas Sea - a shallow, much reduced expanse of water compared to its size during the Bokkeveld period. Immediately following the Witteberg period (about 330 million years ago) much of Gondwana (particularly what was to become Africa and Antarctica, but also parts of South America and India) became covered in a kilometers thick layer of ice as the super-continent drifted over the South Pole. The diamictite deposits left by these glaciers form the first layer of the Karoo Supergroup, called the Dwyka Group. During the glaciation period the Falkland Plateau started to move northwards into what was to become southern Africa, closing the depression that had been the Agulhas Sea, and rucking the Cape Supergroup sediments into folds running roughly parallel to what would ultimately become the south-western and southern coastlines of South Africa. This mountain building continued into the next phase of the Karoo sedimentation, which began about 260 million years ago, after the ice sheets had melted, leaving a large lake (the Karoo Sea) extending over much of South Africa. The resulting marine or lacustrine deposits form the Karoo&#39;s Ecca Group. During these Ecca times continued collision of the Falkland Plateau into Southern Africa, and subduction of oceanic crust under the plateau caused the formation of a range of mountains of Himalayan proportions to the south of South Africa. The Cape Fold Mountains became fully formed during this period to become the northern foothills of this enormous mountain range. The folding that occurred during this period therefore involved not only the Cape Supergroup sediments, but also the southern portions of the Dwyka and Ecca Groups of the Karoo Supergroup.</p><br>
<p>By the time Gondwana broke up about 150 million years ago, the Falkland Mountains had been all but eroded away, before drifting south-westwards to their present position off the coast of southern South America, close to Cape Horn, leaving behind only the submarine Agulhas Bank along the southern coastline of Africa. The Cape Fold Mountains possibly survived erosional obliteration, firstly because of the extremely hard rocks (the Peninsula Formation Sandstone) that form the backbone of the mountain chains, but also possibly because they had become buried under the Karoo deposits which originated in the Falkland Mountains. Thus traces of Karoo deposits can, for instance, be found in the Worcester-Robertson valley in the middle of the Fold Belt.</p><br>
<p>Although the Dwyka and Ecca sediments adjoining the Cape Fold Mountains were subjected to the same compression forces that gave rise to the Cape Mountains, they do not form the same mountain ranges as do the Cape Fold Mountains. This is because they are composed of much softer rocks than the Peninsula Formation Sandstone, and were thus soon eroded into the flat plains of the "Lower Karoo", except where they were protected by hard, erosion resistant dolerite or turbidite caps, to form isolated mountains that stand out from the plain.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>The mountains are not particularly ancient, despite their old-looking appearance. They are considered middle-aged in geologic terms. They were created when the Falkland Plateau collided with Southern Africa, when Pangaea, the supercontinent formed during the Cambrian-Ordovician periods (from 510 to about 330-350 million years ago). Their stature, with heights varying from 1000m to 2300m, is mostly due to the weather-resistant rocks of quartzitic sandstone of the Peninsula Group (see above).</p><br>
<p>They occur in long parallel ranges each not much more than 10 km wide, separated by equally long valleys with a maximum width of about 50 km (mostly only 15–30 km wide). Almost all of these ranges consist of hard erosion resistant Peninsula Group rocks. The valleys tend to be floored by Bokkeveld Group mudstones. A remarkable feature of these ranges is that the 1500 m high mountains (from base to crest) are cut through by very narrow, almost vertically walled defiles, not much more than 50–70 m wide at the bottom, through which rivers flow from the inland Great Escarpment to the sea. It is from within these narrow defiles, many of which can be traveled by road, that one is afforded a cross sectional view of the mountains, and can appreciate their intense folding and distortion (see the photographs on the top right above). Their origin is as follows:</p><br>
<p>After the fold mountains had been formed they became buried under sediments derived from the massive Himalaya-sized Falkland Mountains to the south of the Cape Fold Belt. Sediments eroded from these mountains provided the bulk of the 6 km thick Beaufort sediments in the Karoo Basin, but they also covered the Cape Fold Belt, thereby protecting them from erosion. At the end of the Karoo Period about 180 million years ago, the subcontinent was covered by a thick layer of Drakensberg lavas, an event that was accompanied by upliftment or bulging of Southern Africa, ushering in an almost uninterrupted period, continuing to the present, of erosion removing many kilometers of surface rocks from the entire subcontinent. Rivers running off this bulging interior into the seas that were forming around South Africa as Gondwana was breaking up 150 million years ago, eventually encountered rocky ridges as the protective layer over the Cape Fold Belt eroded away, exposing their mountain tops. The rivers breached these ridges, after possibly being dammed back for a short period, creating a narrow passage through the low rocky barrier. Continued erosion exposed more and more of these quartzitic mountain ranges, but the rivers, now confined to narrow, fast flowing gorges, continued breaking through each barrier as the surrounding landscape eroded to lower and lower levels, particularly during the past 20 million years.</p><br>
<p>These 150‑million-year-old rivers therefore cut the defile, starting by flowing over, and then through the gradually erupting Cape Fold Mountains, to form the spectacular “poorte” and “klowe” (plural of “poort” and “kloof”, the Afrikaans for defile or chasm) that characterize these mountains today. The best known defiles are: Meiringspoort, Seweweekspoort, the Tradouw pass, Kogmanskloof, Garcia’s pass, the Gourits River gorge (which does not have a road running through it), and Michell&#39;s Pass, which is, however, more V-shaped than the others, but impressive nevertheless. In addition several roads and highways crest the mountains over cols, or go through them via tunnels.</p><br>
<p>A number of parallel faults still run roughly parallel with the coast, having formed during the Gondwana rifting when South America and the Falkland Plateau separated from Africa. Patagonia was to the west of Cape Town and the Falkland Islands were to the south during the Jurassic Period prior to separation. Most of these faults are inactive today, but in 1969 the towns of Ceres and Tulbagh, about 160 km north-east of Cape Town, were severely damaged by an earthquake, originating from movement of the northern end of the Worcester Fault.</p><br>
<p>Another major (inactive) fault line runs for 300 km along the southern edge of the Swartberg Mountains. The Swartberg Mountains were uplifted along this fault, to such an extent that in the Oudtshoorn region the rocks that form the base of the Cape Supergroup are exposed. These are locally known as the "Cango Group", but are probably continuous with the "Malmesbury Group" that forms the base of Table Mountain on the Cape Peninsula, and similar outcrops in the Western Cape.</p><br>
<h2>The ranges</h2><br>
<p>The following is a list of the largest individual ranges within the Cape Fold Belt include from west to east. (Translations in brackets; berg is Afrikaans for mountain; its plural is berge.)</p><br>
<p>Cederberg Mountains (Cedar) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Olifants River Mountains (Elephant&#39;s) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Piketberg (Picket) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Winterhoek Mountains (Winter corner) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Skurweberge (Rough or scaly) - Witteberg Group</p><br>
<p>Hex River Mountains (Witch river) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Cape Peninsula and Table Mountain - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Du Toitskloof Mountains (Du Toit&#39;s canyon, from a French surname) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Drakenstein Mountains (Dragon stone, the name of a country estate in the Netherlands) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Simonsberg (Simon&#39;s) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Hottentots-Holland Mountains (Hottentot, an old name for the Khoi aboriginal inhabitants) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Kogelberg (Bullet, or cone-shaped) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Stettynsberge (probably a surname) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Langeberg (Long) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Riviersonderend Mountains (River without end) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Kleinrivier Mountains (Small river) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Witteberge (White) Witteberg Group</p><br>
<p>Swartberge (Black) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Outeniqua Mountains (aboriginal: place of honey) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Langkloof Mountains (Long valley) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Kouga Mountains (aboriginal) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Tsitsikamma Mountains (aboriginal: place of much water) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Baviaanskloof Mountains (Valley of baboons) - Table Mountain Group</p><br>
<p>Zuurberge (Sour, acid or acidic) - Witteberg Group</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau Miami Beach  is one of the most historically and architecturally significant hotels in Miami Beach, Florida. Opened in 1954 and designed by Morris Lapidus, it was arguably the most luxurious hotel in Miami Beach, and is thought to be the most significant building of Lapiduss career. In 2007, the Fontainebleau Hotel was ranked ninety-third in the American Institute of Architects list of "Americas Favorite Architecture". On April 18, 2012, the AIA&#39;s Florida Chapter ranked the Fontainebleau first on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau Miami Beach is situated on oceanfront Collins Avenue in the heart of Millionaire&#39;s Row and is currently owned by Fontainebleau Resorts. Fronting the Atlantic Ocean, the 1,504-room resort features two new towers, 12 restaurants and bars. a 40,000 ft&sup2; spa with mineral-rich water therapies, swimming pools and an oceanfront poolscape featuring a free-form pool shaped as a re-interpretation of Lapidus’ signature bow-tie design.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lapidus once wrote, "If you create a stage and it is grand, everyone who enters will play their part." The hotel was built by hotelier Ben Novack on the Harvey Firestone estate. Novack owned and operated the hotel until its bankruptcy in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is famous for its victory in the landmark 1959 Florida District Courts of Appeal decision, Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v. Forty-Five Twenty-Five, Inc. 114 So. 2d 357, in which the Fontainebleau Hotel successfully appealed an injunction by the neighboring Eden Roc Hotel, to prevent construction of an expansion that blocked sunlight to the Eden Rocs swimming pool. The Court rejected the Eden Rocs claim to an easement allowing sunlight, in favor of affirming the Fontainebleau&#39;s vertical property rights to build on its land. It stated that the "ancient lights" doctrine has been unanimously repudiated in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s a suite in the hotel was used by members of the Black Tuna Gang to run their operations. This is recounted in the 2011 documentary Square Grouper, which follows the burgeoning marijuana-smuggling trade of the mid-to-late 1970s. It was at this time that large amounts of the drug were being shipped to southeastern Florida; the film alleges that more than ninety percent of the United States&#39;s illicit demand was being met through such channels.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, Stephen Muss bought the Fontainebleau Hotel for $27 million rescuing it from bankruptcy. He injected an additional $100 million into the hotel for improvements and hired the Hilton company to manage it. In 2005, the Muss Organization sold the Fontainebleau to Turnberry Associates for $165 million.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed a large part of its property in 2006, though one building remained open to hotel guests, and the furnishings were available for sale. The expanded hotel and its new condominium buildings re-opened in November 2008.</p><br>
<p>On December 22, 2008, the Fontainebleau was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Film, television and music history</h2><br>
<p>The swimming pool is shown in the 1959 film A Hole in the Head. Tony Manetta (played by Frank Sinatra) attends a party there for businessman and friend Jerry Marks (Keenan Wynn). Miami Mayor Robert King High had a cameo during the gala. Sinatra videotaped a special on March 26, 1960, during his regular Timex-sponsored television series for ABC, to welcome back Elvis Presley from his two years of military service in Germany, which was broadcast on May 12, 1960.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was the setting for Jerry Lewis&#39;s 1960 comedy film, The Bellboy.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is depicted in the 1960-1962 television series, Surfside 6, about two detectives living and working aboard a houseboat moored directly across the street from the hotel. Supporting character Cha Cha O&#39;Brien was an entertainer who worked at The Boom Boom Room in the hotel. Only establishing shots of the hotel were used; the series was filmed entirely at Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, California.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau Miami Beach is featured in the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger, most notably in the sweeping aerial shot that follows the opening credits and accompanies composer John Barry&#39;s big-band track "Into Miami". It is the hotel where Jill Masterton (played by Shirley Eaton) is murdered by the villainous Oddjob (Harold Sakata).</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is one of the main settings for the 1988 comedy sequel Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach, with the films characters staying there during the movie and many of the films scenes filmed there.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau was seen on The Sopranos in the season 4 (2002) episode "Calling All Cars".</p><br>
<p>The hotel is repeatedly mentioned by Allan Sherman in his 1962 comedy song, "The Streets of Miami". The Fontainebleau is the title subject of a song written by Neil Young and performed by the Stills-Young Band on their 1976 album Long May You Run, which was recorded at the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau acts as the unmentioned location for a widely popular scene in 1983s Scarface where Steven Bauer, portraying Manolo, the movies second lead role after Tony Montana, gets slapped in the face after trying to win over a girl through sticking out his tongue to her.</p><br>
<p>It was also featured in the 1992 film The Bodyguard starring Whitney Houston and the finale of the Sylvester Stallone/Sharon Stone action film The Specialist.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>Fontainebleau’s grand re-opening on November 18, 2008 marked the end of a two-year, $1 billion transformation. Special care was taken to preserve many of the original design elements, including the "Staircase to Nowhere" (formally called the "floating staircase"). The hotels elaborate re-opening celebrations included hosting the annual Victorias Secret fashion show.</p><br>
<p>Restaurants and nightclubs in the complex include:</p><br>
<p>Stripsteak by Michael Mina. (Priorly FB Steakhouse, and Originally named "Gotham Steak")</p><br>
<p>Scarpetta (Italian)</p><br>
<p>Hakkasan (Cantonese)</p><br>
<p>La Côte (two-level poolside bar and grille)</p><br>
<p>Blade Sushi</p><br>
<p>Vida (Pan American)</p><br>
<p>Fresh (Snacks & Gelato)</p><br>
<p>LIV (Nightclub, a.k.a. &#39;54 formerly Tropigala Lounge)</p><br>
<p>Bleau Bar</p><br>
<p>Glow Bar</p><br>
<p>Michael Mina Pizza & Burger (formerly Arkadia)</p><br>
<p>Chez Bon Bon (pastries and chocolates; Priorly Solo)</p><br>
<h2>Pronunciation</h2><br>
<p>The local pronunciation of the hotel&#39;s name is the Anglicized "fountain blue" rather than the normal French pronunciation of the word.</p><br>
<p>Greenhorn Mountain is the highest summit of the Wet Mountains range in the Rocky Mountains of North America. The prominent 12,352 ft peak is located in the Greenhorn Mountain Wilderness of San Isabel National Forest, 8.4 km southwest by west  of the Town of Rye, Colorado, United States, on the boundary between Huerfano and Pueblo counties. The summit of Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point in Pueblo County, Colorado. The peak&#39;s summit rises above timberline, which is about 11,500 ft in south-central Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The massive Greenhorn Mountain can be seen from Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Trinidad, and also from along Interstate 25 rising over 7,000 ft above the great plains to the east. The mountain&#39;s habitats are protected within the secluded Greenhorn Mountain Wilderness Area, which is only accessed by a few trails and a 4-wheel drive road on its north.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>The name comes from the name Cuerno Verde (Green Horn) given by the colonial Spanish of the Provincias Internas to two, father and son, Jupe Comanche band mahimiana paraibo or war chiefs. The younger Cuerno Verde was known to the Comanches as "Man Who Holds Danger." On September 3, 1779 younger Cuerno Verde, his son, medicine man, four principal chiefs, and ten of his warriors, were killed near Greenhorn Mountain by the men of the expedition of Spanish troops and native American allies (Apache, Ute and Pueblo) under Juan Bautista de Anza.Elizabeth A.H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men&#39;s Worlds, Texas A&M University Press, College Station 1975, pages 584-589 (2nd ed. University of Oklahoma Press, 1996).</p><br>
<p>Amaila Falls is located on the Kuribrong River , a tributary of the Potaro River in west central Guyana.</p><br>
<p>The river drops from the escarpment over Amaila Falls vertically approximately 200 feet (60 m), and continues in a series of rapids and falls for almost two miles before reaching placid water at an elevation of 175 feet. The total drop is about 1,200 feet (365 m). Waterfall is approximately 45 m wide, the volume is 64 m/s. Waterfall has formed on the sandstones and conglomerates of Roraima Formation. During the course of the falls the river changes direction from east to north.</p><br>
<p>In the lower elevations the walls of the escarpment are flatter but these steepen sharply with elevation until the valley walls are nearly vertical at the top.</p><br>
<p>It is planned to build a power plant with a dam to generate electricity for the national grid and existing large mining operations, with future expansion capacity to power major industrial growth projects within Guyana. The project has the potential to produce 165 MW, sufficient to provide power to most existing users in the country.</p><br>
<p>King George VI Falls, also known as Salto Oshi or Oshi Falls, is located on the Oshi River in western Guyana.</p><br>
<p>This waterfall is rarely visited. Its height has not been reliably determined, but is believed to be between about 500 and 700 feet. Though it is not as tall as it has long been thought to be, its combination of height and great volume of water, along with its being a sheer plunge, make it one of the world&#39;s most impressive waterfalls.</p><br>
<p>The falls were reportedly discovered in 1938 by American entomologist and physician Paul A. Zahl. Height of this waterfall has often been reported to be 1,600 feet, and that figure has been published many times over several decades, but it is greatly exaggerated. The error originated from imprecise measurements of Paul A. Zahl who estimated the height of falls by throwing large rocks and counting seconds until the stones fell down.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 a British television series set out to document the falls and fauna which existed around the location. The expedition recorded the falls at being over 200 meters tall. The Lost Worlds series will be broadcast in 2015 on the Discovery channel. More information is still being collected from the expedition and further details will follow.</p><br>
<p>Muuido, also known as Muui Island, is an island in South Korea. It is a small island located south of Yongyu Island, which was joined with Yeongjong Island when Incheon International Airport was built. Muui Island measures 5.2 km long and 4.5 km wide. The island is visible from the airport.</p><br>
<p>Muui Island is served by a daily ferry from Incheon ferry terminal on the mainland, as well as by a frequent car ferry which crosses the narrow channel separating the island from Yongyu Island. Buses run from the airport and the Incheon Airport Maglev will also provide service to nearby Yongyu Station.</p><br>
<p>The islands name, "Muui", means "dancers dress" in Korean. It is a beautiful spot popular with locals and expat tourists, who like to visit the two main beaches of the island, Silmi Beach and Hanagae Beach. The latter has small cabanas on the beach for overnight lodging, and an assortment of local restaurants and hotels. There are many shellfish on the shores of the island.</p><br>
<p>Silmi Island is a smaller uninhabited island located off the NW shore of Muui Island.</p><br>
<p>Muuido is mentioned in Eugene Clark&#39;s Korean War narrative The Secrets of Incheon.</p><br>
<p>Gra Ham of Wales is king of Muuido.</p><br>
<p>The High Rhine  is the name used in Germany for the part of the Rhine that flows westbound from Lake Constance to Basel.</p><br>
<p>The High Rhine begins at the out</p><br>
<p>flow of the Rhine from the Untersee in Stein am Rhein and turns into the Upper Rhine in Basel. In contrast to the Alpine Rhine and Upper Rhine, the High Rhine flows mostly to the west.</p><br>
<p>The section is marked by Rhine-kilometers 0 to 165, measurements beginning at the outflow of the Obersee at the Old Rhine Bridge in Constance. It is the first of four sections (High Rhine, Upper Rhine, Middle Rhine, Lower Rhine) of the Rhine between Lake Constance and the North Sea. In Switzerland, similar names refer to different parts. In the western part, the Rhine marks the border between Germany and Switzerland, while in the eastern part, Switzerland owns also areas north of the Rhine, surrounding the German exclave of Büsingen.</p><br>
<p>The term High Rhine was introduced by scientists in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Above all geologists tried to differentiate the High Rhine linguistically from the Upper Rhine. Until the 19th century, it was also known as the "Badisch-Swiss Rhine".</p><br>
<h2>Waterfalls and rapids</h2><br>
<p>The Rhine Falls, which are the largest plain waterfalls of Europe, are in the municipalities of Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen-Uhwiesen, near the town of Schaffhausen. They are 150 m wide and 23 m high. In the winter months, the average water flow is 250 m3/s, while in the summer, the average water flow is 600 m3/s.</p><br>
<p>The rapids in the High Rhine should be viewed in the context of the relatively high slope—from 395 to 252 m above sea level in just 165 km—and the change of the river&#39;s course during the Würm ice age. In Neuhausen am Rheinfall, the river falls into a previously buried stream channel, forming the</p><br>
<p>Rhine Falls at Schaffhausen. The next rapids are the Kadelburg Rapids at Koblenz. Near Laufenburg, the post-glacial Rhine failed to find the old silted-up channel and hit a spur of Black Forest crystal. The river cut itself a gorge, containing the Laufenburg Rapids. The Laufenburg and Schwörstadt Rapids have been artificially eliminated by blowing up the rocks and raising the water level with dams.</p><br>
<h2>Interventions</h2><br>
<p>The character of the river has been changed over long distances by the construction of hydropower station. The Laufenburg and Schwörstadt Rapids were removed by blowing up rocks, originally to improve navigation, and later flooded due to the hydropower dams.</p><br>
<p>Between Diessenhofen and Stein am Rhein, the High Rhine has yet to be dammed. The first power plant of the Rhine is currently at Schaffhausen; it has a damming effect to slightly above Diessenhofen. The next power plant (the Kraftwerk Reckingen) is located at Rekingen and Küssaberg. After Rekingen, the High Rhine flows freely through the Koblenz Rapids to the confluence with the Aare. The next hydropower plant (the Kraftwerk Albbruck-Dogern), is at Leibstadt and Dogern. There are seven more power plant between here and Basel. Altogether, the High Rhine has elven dams and twelve hydropower plants (there are two plants at the Augst/Wyhlen Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Towns</h3><br>
<p>Some parts of the High Rhine valley are fairly wide; others are more gorge-like. The population density varies accordingly. Well known towns on the High Rhine are Stein am Rhein, Schaffhausen, Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Waldshut, Laufenburg, Bad Säckingen Rheinfelden and Basel.</p><br>
<p>The most important organizations for cross-border cooperation on the High Rhine are High Rhine Commission and High Rhine Agency.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Larger tributaries of the High Rhine are Biber, Thur, Töss, Glatt, Wutach, Aare, Alb, Murg, Sissle, Wehra, Ergolz and Birs.</p><br>
<p>It is noteworthy that the Aare with 590 m3/s has a larger discharge than the Rhine with 439 m3/s. From hydrological point of view, therefore, the Rhine is a tributary of the Aare, not vice versa. The Rhine is, however, generally considered the main stream, because it is slightly longer than the Aare.</p><br>
<h3>Areas</h3><br>
<p>Numerous areas along the High Rhine are currently, or were historically considered important. From west to east, they are Dinkelberg, Augstgau, Fricktal, Tabel Jura, Albgau, Aargau, Hotzenwald, Klettgau, Zurzibiet, Zürichgau and Thurgau.</p><br>
<p>Authorities on the Baden-Württemberg side of the river are organized in a framework called Regionalverband Hochrhein-Bodensee ("Regional cooperation High Rhine &mdash; Lake Constance").</p><br>
<p>Nichoria  is a site in Messenia, on a ridgetop near modern Rizomylos, at the northwestern corner of the Messenian Gulf. From the Middle to Late Bronze Age it cultivated olive and terebinth for export. During the Helladic period it was part of the Mycenaean civilisation.</p><br>
<p>Nichoria reached its greatest extent (5 hectares) in LHIIIA:2, and even sported a royal Pylos-style megaron; although it was always smaller. Nichoria became subordinate to Pylos and lost the use of its megaron.</p><br>
<p>Toward the end of LH IIIB, the palace at Pylos knew Nichoria under the name of TI-MI-TO A-KO. Nichoria was a major outpost of Pylos&#39;s "Trans-Aigolaia" province. According to Palaima, "it occurs on ten tablets that relate to: bronze working, six standard items of regional taxation, bronze recycling for weaponry production, coastal defensive arrangements, gold, landholdings, livestock, male personnel, and rather intensive levels of flax production&quot and "during the late Bronze Age as much as 10% of the total surface land might have been devoted to olive growth".</p><br>
<p>Controversy remains over how to transliterate "TI-MI-TO A-KO" into Greek. "TI-MI-TO" has been interpreted as themittos, for "border", comparing Knossoss term "O-U-TE-MI" as a religious ou themis ("not allowed," literally "not set down, in this case by law"). Palaima contrarily reads O-U-TE-MI as a description of furniture, ou termis ("no termis, i.e., border or edge"). For Palaima, interpreting the "TI-MI-TO" element in "TI-MI-TO-A-KO" as the genitive of Greek themis&#39; is problematical. In Mycenaean, an alternation of i for e is found in words of pre-Greek, not Greek, origin. (Compare Artemitos vs Artimitei.) This would fit taking TI-MI-TO as "tirminthos", for the terebinth tree (pistacia terebinthus) which served as sources for scented resin. "A-KO" meanwhile could mean "agos" for "holy ground" or more likely "agkos" for "hillside" or "glen".</p><br>
<p>Nichoria was destroyed in the same event which claimed the main palace at Pylos.</p><br>
<p>The University of Minnesota Messenia Expedition under William Andrew McDonald surveyed the area in the 1960s, and began excavating Nichoria in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological finds</h2><br>
<p>On the foot of the Nichoria acropolis there was discovered a burial circle, comprising a collective burial of 7 people; it was in use until the LH IIIA period, when the adjacent large tholos tomb was built. The latter, although looted in antiquity, yielded important finds. It had been built at a prominent position on the NW end of the acropolis of Nichoria. Its diameter was 6.60 meters and its height probably exceeded 6.50 meters. It contained four pits. The prominent position of the people buried there is attested also by the lavish grave goods which accompanied them: pottery vessels, sealing gems made of semi-precious stones and little items made of gold, ivory and faience. In a hole between the pits 1 and 2 was discovered a pile of bronze items and vessels, among which a bent sword with an ivory handle. It has been used in the course of the prime time of Nichoria (1400-1200 B.C.). However, there are also traces of use in the late classical and Hellenistic periods, related to the ancestors&#39; cult, a practive particularly familiar in Messenia, but known also in the rest of Greece. Around the acropolis of Nichoria extends a necropolis with various kinds of tombs dating from the 15th to the 8th century B.C.</p><br>
<p>Although the excavations were not carried out in the entire region of Nichoria, trenches opened in the region of Karpophora revealed remains of the settlement, such as the main street and parts of buildings which were used clearly for habitation. The most important among them was probably the apsidal megaron of the Sub-mycenaean period, one of the largest dated in the so-called “Dark Ages” in the entire Greece: it was 13 m. long and 8 m. wide, and it was accompanied by a circular construction with paved floor. It has been suggested that it might have had a ritual-religious character. Two more megaron-type constructions were discovered, dated to the LHII and to the LHIIIA1 period respectively, i.e. in the peak time of Nichoria.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>Viddalsdammen  is a lake and a reservoir in the municipality of Aurland in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The reservoir has an area of 4.13 km&sup2; and the elevation varies between 930 m and 868 m above sea level. Viddalsdammen is located at the end of the Låvisdalen valley, about 11 km southeast of Aurlandsvangen, about 7 km southeast of Flåm, and about 6 km northeast of Myrdal Station.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was formed as part of the building of the Aurland Hydroelectric Power Station in the 1960s and 1970s, when a rock-fill dam was built at the end of the lake Viddalsvatnet. After damming the level of Viddalsvatnet was raised to include the two upstream lakes Liverdalsvatnet and Fretheimsdalsvatnet, and they now form one eight-kilometer long contiguous lake. Viddalsdammen receives water through an extensive system of watertunnels that extends around the entire Aurland valley.</p><br>
<p>Bijou Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Bijou erupts nearly continuously reaching a height of 15 ft. At times, the water fountain turns to a steam phase when Bijou emits a column of steam.</p><br>
<h3>Sequence</h3><br>
<p>Bijou is part of the Giant Group and is connected to Giant Geyser and Grotto Geyser. While Bijou erupts almost all the time, there are periods where it ceases erupting. There are three conditions that can cause this to happen.</p><br>
<p>The first is a pause in activity because water levels on the Giant Platform, the raised area where the Giant Group is located, are rising.</p><br>
<p>The second condition is caused by a marathon play session by Grotto Geyser. About five to six hours into a marathon by Grotto, Bijou will slow and eventually cease playing. Between four and six hours after Grotto stops, Bijou will recover and begin playing again.</p><br>
<p>The third condition is called a Giant Hot Period. This is an indicator that Giant Geyser might erupt. When Giant does erupt, it takes a minimum of eight hours for Bijou to recover and begin playing again.</p><br>
<p>Black Pool is a hot spring in the West Thumb Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The pool was cool enough up until 1991 for dark orange-brown cyanobacteria to grow throughout the pool. When combined with the blue of the water, the pool appeared to be an exceptionally dark green to almost black, hence the name.</p><br>
<p>An exchange of function took place in 1991, shifting thermal energy to Black Pool and nearby Abyss Pool, causing them to heat up. Black Pools temperature became hot enough to kill all the cyanobacteria in the pool, turning the pool a rich teal blue color. The pool also had frequent boiling eruptions on August 15, 1991, doming the water to 3 feet and causing heavy runoff. Black Pool remains extremely hot, and is now one of Yellowstones most beautiful and intensely blue pools. The name of the pool remains "Black Pool."</p><br>
<p>The Josephine Falls is a tiered cascade waterfall on the Josephine Creek located in the Far North region of Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The falls are situated at the foot of the southern face of Mount Bartle Frere in the Wooroonooran National Park. They descend from the Atherton Tableland at an elevation of 192 m above sea level in the range of 150 - near a popular recreation site as the water flows over a large rock to form a natural waterslide on Josephine Creek, a tributary of the Russell River.</p><br>
<p>Access to falls is via a sealed road off the Bruce Highway between Babinda and Innisfail. The natural rock slide can be dangerous and the occasional flash flooding occurs without warning, with a sudden increase in the water volume.</p><br>
<p>The Malanda Falls is a cascade waterfall on the North Johnstone River, located in the Tablelands Region in the Far North of Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The falls are situated on the Atherton Tableland, near the town of Malanda. They are within the Malanda Falls Conservation Park.The North Johnstone River is prone to significant flooding in the wet season. There are two 20-minute walks in the surrounding rainforest, with a chance of seeing a tree kangaroo. The visitor centre books guided walks with aboriginal guides. It also has displays on the rainforest, geology and history of Malanda. The visitor centre and museum burnt down in 2010 and was rebuilt in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The swimming pool and associated infrastructure is very popular with locals and tourists. The Malanda Falls Swimming Pool is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register as an early example of tourist infrastructure in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Murray Falls, a cascade waterfall on the Murray River, is located in the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Wet Tropics in Murray Upper, Cassowary Coast Region in the Far North region of Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The Murray Falls are situated in the Girramay National Park, approximately 38 km southwest of, A short walking track through the rainforest leads to a lookout, where the falls and the Murray Valley can be viewed. In the year ended 2012, the falls received an estimated 31,500 visitors.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, a man died in hospital after falling at the falls.</p><br>
<p>Other waterfalls in the Cardwell district include Wallaman Falls, Blencoe Falls and Attie Creek Falls.</p><br>
<p>The Murray River and its associated Murray Falls are named after the British colonial Native Police officer John Murray.</p><br>
<p>The Blencoe Falls is a segmented waterfall on the Blencoe Creek, located in the Far North region of Queensland, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The falls are situated in the Girringun National Park near, approximately 2 km north of a confluence with the Blencoe Creek and the Herbert River. From an elevation of 517 m above sea level,</p><br>
<p>The falls can be reached by road from Mount Garnet on the Kennedy Highway. The Kirrama Range Road from Kennedy on the Bruce Highway also provides access from the coast to the falls. This road is now opened and is accessible by four-wheel-drive and high-clearance vehicles. For the latest information relating to the state of Kirrama Range Road one can contact Cassowary Coast Council. Blencoe Falls lookout is approximately 62 km west of Kennedy.</p><br>
<p>The traditional custodians of the land surrounding the Blencoe Falls are the Indigenous Australian Warungnu peoples, some of whom were driven over the ridges above Blencoe Falls to drown in the gorge.</p><br>
<p>The second season of Survivor was filmed in an area close to the falls.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kumotori stands at the boundary of Tokyo, Saitama, and Yamanashi Prefectures on the island of Honshū, Japan. With an elevation of 2,017 m, its summit is the highest point in Tokyo. It separates the Okutama Mountains and the Okuchichibu Mountains. While it marks the end of the Ishione  mountain ridge that begins near the JR Okutama Station, the highest mountain ridge in Tokyo, its remote location amongst a group of mountains from both mountain ranges makes access difficult.</p><br>
<p>Kumotori-san features an "emergency" hut sometimes used by hikers as overnight shelter. Hikers not used to the altitude (if coming from Tokyo) may prefer overnighting at a lower elevation. The top of Kumotori-san, in good weather, offers a splendid view of Mount Fuji.</p><br>
<p>The prominence of the mountain in the region resulted in its summit being established as a fixed first-class triangulation point. As the triangulation point was established in December 1882, this was also one of the earliest ones established in Japan.</p><br>
<p>Kumotori is one of the 100 Famous Mountains of Japan.</p><br>
<p>Pharaoh&#39;s Island is an island in the River Thames, in Surrey, England, 270 m upstream of Shepperton Lock.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The island has a length of 280 m and a maximum width of 60 m. Shepperton Lock is 270 m downstream and two other channels leading to weirs diverge off after the island to its southeast. These channels then surround Lock Island and Hamhaugh Island. The island is only accessible by boat, with the facilities of Lock Island downstream and moorings there or by the pub The Thames Court almost opposite its eastern tip on the nearer, north bank.</p><br>
<h3>River Level</h3><br>
<p>Above the lock, the variation in river level has been between 0.08 m at the lock gate and 0.99 m. This compares favourably to variation below the lock at between 2.67 m and 4.95 m in depth.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was given to Admiral Nelson after the Battle of the Nile (1798). He used it as a fishing retreat.</p><br>
<h3>Residential development</h3><br>
<p>Since the late 20th century it has hosted 14 homes with individual moorings. Most of the properties have Egyptian names.</p><br>
<p>The property names are:</p><br>
<h3>Deaths in January 2011</h3><br>
<p>In January 2011, a small dinghy ferrying people from the island capsized with the loss of two lives. The fatalities were named as university professor Dr Rex Walford OBE and record producer Keith Lowde.</p><br>
<h2>Media representations</h2><br>
<p>As the home of his family, the island was the setting for director John Boorman&#39;s two semi-autobiographical films: Hope and Glory in 1987 and Queen and Country in 2014.</p><br>
<p>White Lodge is a Grade I listed Georgian house situated in Richmond Park, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Formerly a royal residence, it now houses the Royal Ballet Lower School, instructing students aged 11–16.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built as a hunting lodge for George II, by the architect Roger Morris, and construction begun shortly after his accession to the throne in 1727. Completed in 1730 and originally called Stone Lodge, the house was renamed New Lodge shortly afterwards to distinguish itself from nearby Old Lodge, which was demolished in 1841. Old Lodge itself had been built by George II for Britain&#39;s first prime minister, Sir Robert Walpole, who frequented it, particularly to hunt at the estate. Walpole said that he could "do more business there (Old Lodge) than he could in town".</p><br>
<p>Queen Caroline, consort of George II, stayed at the new lodge frequently and, on her death in 1737, White Lodge passed to her friend Sir Robert Walpole, the Prime Minister. After his death, it came to Queen Carolines daughter, Princess Amelia, in 1751. The Princess, who also became the ranger of Richmond Park, closed the entire park to the public, except to distinguished friends and those with permits, sparking public outrage. In 1758, a court case made by a local brewer against a park gatekeeper eventually overturned the Princesss order, and the park was once again opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Prime Minister, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, became Ranger of Richmond Park after the Princesss resignation in 1760. The British Magazine for January 1761 lists Lord Bute as the Ranger with his Deputy Ranger being Sir Sidney Meadows (d.1792). Although White Lodge remained Lord Butes official address, he was also entitled to the use of White Lodges neighbour, Old Lodge, which would house the Meadows family, who were of the Prime Ministers extended family: The Royal Collection holds an etching, dated 1780, by George Barret, Sr. entitled The Lodge in Richmond Park, the residence of Philip Meadows Esq. (1708–81). Meadows or Medows was the Richmond Park Deputy Ranger and the brother of Sir Sidney Meadows; their father being Sir Philip Meadowes (d.1757). Sir Sidney and his brother Philip were related to the Prime Minister: Philips wife was Lady Frances Meadows, née Pierrepont, who was the first cousin of the Prime Ministers wife, Mary Stuart Wortley.</p><br>
<p>It was during the Bute-Meadows period that the name White Lodge first appeared, in the journal of Lady Mary Coke. In her entry for Sunday 24 July 1768 she says that went to Richmond Park hoping to catch a glimpse of "their Majestys" (George III and Queen Charlotte), "tho&#39; they are always at the White Lodge on a Sunday".</p><br>
<p>After restoration of the house following disrepair at the close of the 18th century, George III gave the house to another Prime Minister, Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, who enclosed the lodge&#39;s first private gardens in 1805. The King (affectionately called Farmer George for his enthusiasm for farming and gardening) made himself ranger, and Lord Sidmouth was made deputy ranger. On 10 September 1805, six weeks before the Battle of Trafalgar, Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, visited Lord Sidmouth at White Lodge and is said to have explained his battle plan to him there.</p><br>
<h2>19th century</h2><br>
<p>After Viscount Sidmouth died in 1844, Queen Victoria gave the house to her aunt – the last surviving daughter of George III – Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh. After her death in 1857, Prince Albert decided on White Lodge as a suitable secluded location for his son the Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII of the United Kingdom, during his minority and education. Although the Prince of Wales favoured stimulating company to hard study, Prince Albert kept him here in seclusion, with only five companions, two of whom were tutors, the Reverend Charles Feral Tarver, his Latin tutor and chaplain and Frederick Waymouth Gibbs. Understandably, the Prince of Wales found the few years at White Lodge boring.</p><br>
<p>After the Prince of Wales was sent to Ireland to continue his training, Queen Victoria, desperately grieving the death of her mother, the Duchess of Kent, came to White Lodge with Prince Albert in the early months of 1861. This was only the first of two deaths in her family that year. On 14 December, Prince Albert died of typhoid fever. The Queen was devastated, and never came out of mourning during the remaining 40 years of her life.</p><br>
<h2>Teck family and the birth of Edward VIII</h2><br>
<p>The next occupants of the Lodge were Prince Francis, Duke of Teck and his wife, the former Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, who were given use of the house by the mourning Queen Victoria in 1869. Princess Mary Adelaide, a granddaughter of George III and therefore first cousin to the queen, was famous for her extravagance. Requests for a higher income from the Queen were unsuccessful. Debts increased, and the family fled abroad during the 1880s to escape their creditors.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the aged Queen, anxious to find a bride for her grandson, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, settled on Princess Mary Adelaides daughter, Victoria Mary. Following Prince Albert Victors death a few months before the marriage in 1892, Victoria Mary married his brother, Prince George, Duke of York, the future George V in 1893. In 1894, the Duchess of York gave birth to her first child, the future Edward VIII, at White Lodge. Queen Victoria visited the Lodge to see the Prince shortly afterwards. He was baptised Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in the Green Drawing Room of White Lodge on 16 July 1894 by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury.His twelve godparents were:</p><br>
<p>Queen Victoria (his paternal great-grandmother); the King and Queen of Denmark (his paternal great-grandparents, for whom his maternal uncle Prince Adolphus of Teck and his paternal aunt the Duchess of Fife stood proxy); the King of Württemberg (his mothers distant cousin, for whom his granduncle the Duke of Connaught stood proxy); the Queen of Greece (his grandaunt, for whom his paternal aunt Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy); the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (his granduncle, for whom Prince Louis of Battenberg stood proxy); the Prince and Princess of Wales (his paternal grandparents); the Tsarevich (his fathers cousin); the Duke of Cambridge (his maternal grand-uncle and Queen Victoria&#39;s cousin); and the Duke and Duchess of Teck (his maternal grandparents).</p><br>
<p>Three years later, the Duchess of Teck died, followed by the Duke of Teck in 1900.</p><br>
<h2>20th century</h2><br>
<p>After Queen Victorias death, the Lodge was occupied by Eliza Emma Hartmann, a wealthy widow prominent in London society, who was declared bankrupt in 1909. The house returned to royal use in 1923, during the honeymoon of Prince Albert, Duke of York, the future George VI, and the Duchess of York. Queen Mary, who had lived at White Lodge with her mother, Princess Mary Adelaide, insisted that they make their home at the Lodge. In 1924, Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia, son of Yorks friends Prince Paul of Yugoslavia and Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark was born at the house during the stay of his mother there.The duke and the duchess remained in the house until late in 1925 after which the building was leased out by the Crown Estate.</p><br>
<p>From then on, the house was occupied by various private residents including, from 1927, Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount Lee of Fareham. The last private resident was Colonel James Veitch, who lived at White Lodge until 1954.</p><br>
<h2>Royal Ballet School</h2><br>
<p>In 1955, the Sadler&#39;s Wells Ballet School was granted the use of White Lodge on a permanent basis. The school was later granted a Royal Charter and became the Royal Ballet School in 1956. It is now recognised as one of the leading ballet schools in the world.</p><br>
<p>As part of its redevelopment programme, the Royal Ballet School relocated and enlarged its ballet museum to include a gallery and collections relating to the history of White Lodge. The museum opened to the public in 2009 but closed in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tarleton is a 334 acre water body located in Grafton County on the western edge of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, United States. The lake is located in the towns of Piermont and Warren. Water from Lake Tarleton flows via Eastman Brook west to the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<p>is located on the lake. The Appalachian Trail runs nearby on Mount Mist, then continues north to Mount Moosilauke, with both mountains overlooking the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is classified as a cold- and warmwater fishery, with observed species including rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, smallmouth bass, chain pickerel, and horned pout.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tarleton State Park offers an unguarded swimming beach and opportunities for swimming, canoeing and fishing.</p><br>
<p>Holnicote  in the parish of Selworthy, West Somerset, England, is a historic estate consisting of 12,420 acres  of land, much situated within the Exmoor National Park.</p><br>
<p>There have been several houses on the estate over the last 500 years. In 1705 a new mansion was built which was burned down in 1779. It was rebuilt as a hunting lodge and survived until another fire in 1851 and replaced ten years later. It became one of the centres for the Devon and Somerset Staghounds. The main building was damaged by another fire in 1941. The house and surrounding estate were given to the National Trust in 1944 by Sir Richard Thomas Dyke Acland, 15th Baronet. The house is now operated as an hotel. The surrounding land which includes Dunkery and Selworthy Beacons, and the villages and hamlets of Selworthy, Allerford, Bossington, Horner and Luccombe as well as the Dunkery and Horner Woods National Nature Reserve contains more than 240 km of footpaths and bridleways.</p><br>
<p>In the 13th and 14th centuries the estate was held by the de Holne family. During the 17th century the Staynings were lords of the manor and in the 18th descendents of FitzMartin by then known as the Martyn family had taken over. William Martin sold Holnicote to William Blackford and it descended through his family and then passed to the Dyke family. Sir Thomas Acland married into the family and added the surname to become Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 7th Baronet and it remained in his family until the donation in 1944.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early</h3><br>
<p>Alternative derivations of the name Holnicote, which was spelled variously as Honecote, Hunecote or Hunecota, have been suggested. It may relate to holegn, the Anglo-Saxon word for holly. Eilert Ekwall supports the claim that places which start Holne come from the Old English holegn meaning holly, while Stephen Robinson, in his book on local place names prefers an explanation "The Honey Cottage" from the Old English honeg and cot. In the 19th century, the Rector of Selworthy, the Rev. F. Hancock, who was said to have extensively studied the place-names of his parish, preferred the old English personal name Hùn for the first element.</p><br>
<p>There are several references in the Domesday Book to Honecote, Hunnecota or Hunecota in the hundred of Carhampton. One records land held by one William of the tenant-in-chief, Roger de Corcelle; prior to the Norman Conquest, this land belonged to two theigns called Aluric and Bristeuin. Odo, son of Gamelin, held a detached portion of this land. The second record shows two nuns holding two and half virgates. The local historian and lawyer Charles Chadwyck-Healey identifies these manors with modern Holnicote, the National Archives agrees with him in their catalogue, and the Open Domesday project lists them under Holnicote, but the editors of the Victoria County History series only identify the land held by the nuns with Holnicote and state that de Corcelle&#39;s manor was actually Huntscott in Wootton Courtney.</p><br>
<p>There is scarce evidence regarding the holders of Holnicote in the period immediately after Domesday. William de Holne held the manor in the reign of Edward I. Although Chadwyck-Healey described it is "very probable" that this William de Holne is the same man recorded elsewhere with a son, Richard, whose daughter Thomasia married John, son of Walter Gofreye, the evidence is not conclusive. By the late 15th century, the Steynings family were claiming descent from the Huish and de Holne dynasties. Their origins are obscure and the earliest record of them is the will of William Steynings, which was proved in 1491. His son, Edward, died in 1524/5 and was succeeded by his son Walter; Edward Steynings&#39;s will refers to property at Holnicote. Eventually, his grandson Thomas became owner of the manor and house of Holnicote; he is listed in Crown account books as early as 1558. His younger brother, Philip (died 1588/9), succeeded him at Holnicote.</p><br>
<h3>Martyn and Blackford families</h3><br>
<p>The Steynings family owned Holnicote until the direct male line became extinct with the death of Charles Staynings (1622–1700). His wife, Susanna (died 1685), was a daughter of Sir Nicholas Martyn of Oxton and Steyningss heir was their nephew, William Martyn. According to records of the Heralds Visitations of Devon and research by the Victorian historian J. L. Vivian, this William Martyn lived in Oxton in the parish of Kenton, Devon; he was Susanna Martyn&#39;s great-nephew and died in 1710, aged 30. He sold the estate to William Blackford, a Master in Chancery. Blackford then bought the manors of Bossington and Avill, the latter from Anthony Stocker and his wife, Sarah; this estate extended from the ridge of Grabbist nearly to the sea-shore and also included land in the parishes of Dunster, Carhampton, Crowcombe, Stogumber, Timberscombe and St. Decumans. He married Elizabeth, a daughter of John Dyke of Pixton, and died in 1728. His son, William, succeeded him and married Henrietta Collet (died 1727), a daughter and co-heiress of Joseph Collet of Hertford Castle in Hertfordshire. However, he died only three years after his father. Their only daughter and heiress, Henrietta Blackford, inherited the estate as an infant, but died aged 7 in 1733. The estates were divisible upon a great-aunt, Elizabeth Dyke (died 1737), and a second cousin, Elizabeth, a daughter of Thomas Dyke of Tetton and Mary, a daughter of Elizabeth Dyke (died 1737). Later in 1733, Elizabeth Dyke (died 1737) conveyed her share in the estate to her only surviving son, Edward Dyke (died 1746) who in turn conveyed his portion to his niece in 1744, making her the sole owner of the entire estate. (1723–1785). Portrait, 1767, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, on display at Killerton House. A similar painting, which is also owned by the National Trust can be seen at Saltram House.left</p><br>
<h3>Acland family</h3><br>
<p>Elizabeth Dyke married Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 7th Baronet (1722–1785) of Killerton in Devon and Petherton Park in Somerset in 1745. A prominent member of the West Country gentry, Acland was a famous staghunter who used his wifes Exmoor estates of Holnicote and Pixton as his hunting seats. He built kennels for the North Devon Staghounds and kept his own pack of dogs. He became forester or ranger of Exmoor under grant from the Crown, a title for the kings chief officer of the royal forest. According to the Victorian author, Charle Palk Collyns, he "hunted the country in almost princely style. Respected and beloved by all the countryside, he was solicited at the same time to allow himself to be returned as member of Parliament for the counties of Devon and Somerset. He preferred, however, the duties and pleasures of life in the country, where he bore without abuse the grand old name of gentleman". Although he had three of his own kennels, he had a further method of keeping hounds at Holnicote, Jury and Highercombe, whereby he made the keeping of one hound a term a stipulation of many of the tenancies he granted. In his manor of Bossington (near Holnicote) alone an estate survey of 1746–7 lists twelve tenements let, either by Acland or Dyke, with the requirement to keep a hound.</p><br>
<p>In 1775 he handed over the mastership to the then Major Basset, and in 1779 his beloved collection of stag heads and antlers at Holnicote was lost in a fire which also destroyed the house. He declared that "he minded the destruction of his valuables less bitterly than the loss of his fine collection of stags&#39; heads". He was known on his estates as "Sir Thomas his Honour" (as later was his son the 9th Baronet) and was renowned for his generous hospitality at Holnicote or at Pixton, whichever was closest, to all riders "in at the death", and it is said that by the architect Anne Acland that "open house was kept at Pixton and Holnicote throughout the hunting season".</p><br>
<p>Aclands eldest son died an infant and so his second son, Thomas Dyke Acland (1752–1794), became the ninth Baronet. Like his father, he was known locally in Devon and Somerset as "Sir Thomas his Honour" and they shared a passion for staghunting. He followed him into the Mastership of the North Devon Staghounds and virtually abandoned the familys main seat of Killerton in mid-Devon to live at Holnicote and Highercombe, near Dulverton, on the north and south edges respectively of the ancient royal forest of Exmoor, renown for its herds of red deer. During the period 1785 to his death in 1794 he killed 101 stags, the heads and antlers of many of which are still displayed in the stables at Holnicote. He was a stern employer of his hunt-staff, and on one occasion when his hounds had killed several sheep, possibly belonging to his farming tenants, he ordered his huntsman "to hang himself and the whole pack".</p><br>
<p>The estate passed down through the Acland family until February 1944, when Sir Richard Dyke Acland, 15th Baronet (1906–1990) donated the Holnicote and Killerton Estates to the National Trust, comprising 16,000 acre, which was the largest ever donation received by the National Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Estate</h2><br>
<p>The estate had a role, together with the Acland family&#39;s other Exmoor estate of Pixton, as a home of West Country staghunting in the 18th century. There was some controversy locally and nationally when the National Trust banned staghunting on the estate in the early 21st century.</p><br>
<p>Holnicote Estate covers more than 12,000 acre and contains more than 240 km of footpaths and bridleways. It includes Dunkery and Selworthy Beacons, and the villages and hamlets of Selworthy, Allerford, Bossington, Horner and Luccombe as well as the Dunkery and Horner Woods National Nature Reserve. The estate also plays host to a point to point course on which many Exmoor hunts hold their meetings throughout the spring.</p><br>
<p>Dunkery Beacon is the summit of Dunkery Hill, and the highest point on Exmoor and in Somerset. The sandstone hill rises to 1,705 ft and provides views over the surrounding moorland, the Bristol Channel and hills up to 86 mi away. The site has been visited by humans since the Bronze Age with several burial mounds in the form of cairns and bowl barrows. Sweetworthy on the lower slopes is the site of two Iron Age hill forts or enclosures and a deserted medieval settlement. At the top of Selworthy Beacon is a National Trust plaque and a view of the south coast of Wales across the Bristol Channel. The South West Coast Path also climbs the hill and ends slightly shy of the summit. Its elevation is 1,013 ft. Behind the hill, there are precipitous cliffs. Near the summit are a series of cairns, thought to be the remains of round barrows, and the Iron Age Bury Castle. The round cairns have been scheduled as an ancient monument. In the 16th century, Selworthy Beacon was the site of a beacon to warn of impending invasions. The mausoleum of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland is about 0.25 mi from Selworthy Beacon. The hills have a deep purple colour during the summer due to the covering of heather. Ling and bell heather, gorse, sessile oak, ash, rowan, hazel, bracken, mosses, liverworts, lichens and ferns all grow here or in surrounding woodland, as well as some unique whitebeam species. Exmoor ponies, red deer, pied flycatchers, wood warblers, lesser spotted woodpeckers, redstarts, dippers, snipe, skylarks and kestrels are some of the fauna to be found here and in nearby Horner Woods. Horner Woods are also the home to 14 of the 16 UK bat species, which include barbastelle and Bechstein&#39;s bats.</p><br>
<p>Selworthy is a small village and civil parish which includes the hamlets of Bossington, Tivington, Lynch, Brandish Street and Allerford. Bossington is separated from Porlock Bay by a shingle beach, through which flows the River Horner, forming part of the Porlock Ridge and Saltmarsh Site of Special Scientific Interest. In the 1990s rising sea levels created salt marshes, and lagoons developed in the area behind the boulder bank. The village is on the South West Coast Path. Selworthy was rebuilt as a model village, to provide housing for the aged and infirm of the Holnicote estate, in 1828 by Sir Thomas Acland. Many of the other cottages, some of which are now rented out, are still thatched and are listed buildings, whose walls are painted with limewash that has been tinted creamy yellow with ochre. On the hill above the village is the whitewashed 15th-century Church of All Saints, with a 14th-century tower. One of Allerford&#39;s main attractions is the much-photographed packhorse bridge. Built as a crossing over the River Aller (from which the village gets its name), it is thought to be medieval in origin. The village is also home to Allerford House, childhood home of Admiral John Moresby, who explored the coastline of New Guinea and for whom Port Moresby, the capital city of Papua New Guinea, was named. Other features of the village include thatched cottages, a forge and an old-fashioned red telephone box. There is also a Reading Room, built by the Acland family to foster adult education. One of the thatched cottages operated as the local Primary School between 1821 and 1981 and is now a museum containing the West Somerset Rural Life Museum and Victorian School. The museum houses the West Somerset Photographic Archive.</p><br>
<p>The village of Luccombe lies at the foot of Dunkery Hill. Along with Stoke Pero and Horner it forms a civil parish. Horner is on the eastern bank of Horner Water on which there is a restored, but non-working, watermill. The river is crossed by two medieval packhorse bridges, one of which is known as Hacketty Way Bridge which is crossed by the Coleridge Way. The parish Church of St Mary has a chancel dating from about 1300, with the nave and tower being added around 1450. Stoke Pero Church has a 13th-century tower. The Dovecot at Blackford Farm is part of the estate. It was built in the 11th century and is a Grade II* listed building, and ancient monument. It was attached to a mansion house which burnt down in 1875.</p><br>
<p>Since 2009 the estate has been one of three Multi-Objective Flood Management Demonstration Schemes, funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, to examine how changes in the management of river catchment areas can influence the incidence and severity of flooding in the area.</p><br>
<h2>House and outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>There have been at least four successive mansion houses at Holnicote. Limited information is available about the early buildings. One is known to have been built between 1493 and 1521, based on dendrochronology from surviving timbers. The Grade II* listed gatehouse and attached cottage were built together with a new house in the early 17th century. Following the purchase of the estate by the Blackford family in 1705, a new mansion house was built on the site of the previous structure. Only the stable block from that building survives. The house was destroyed by fire in 1779. The Acland family re-built it as a thatched hunting lodge, which was also destroyed by fire in 1851, and replaced in 1861. A kitchen extension was added in 1874. The lodge was built in the 19th century. The estate includes several cottages including Rose Bower and the 17th-century Butlers Cottage. An 18th-century Flemish bond red brick granary also exists on the estate.</p><br>
<p>In 1936 the lodge became a hotel, but was badly damaged by yet another fire in 1941. During the early 1940s the property was used by the Somerset County Council as a children&#39;s home where many children born from liaisons between African American service men and local women were housed, after being given up for adoption.</p><br>
<p>It was donated to the National Trust in 1944 by Sir Richard Thomas Dyke Acland, 15th Baronet of Killerton in Devon, whose ancestors had owned it since 1745. The house is now operated as a hotel.</p><br>
<p>Fyne Court is a National Trust-owned nature reserve and visitor centre in Broomfield, Somerset, England. It was a large English country house belonging to the Crosse family since its construction, although the date when it was built is not known.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Crosse conducted a series of experiments with electricity, including the development of large voltaic piles, at the house during his ownership in the early 19th century. The main building of Fyne Court burnt down in 1894. The buildings which survived the fire have been used as offices and a visitor centre by organisations such as the Somerset Wildlife Trust and Quantock Hills AONB Service since it came into the ownership of the National Trust in 1967. It is surrounded by a large country estate of woodland, ponds and meadows. Within the grounds are a folly and boathouse.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The nature reserve is set in parkland which was originally the pleasure grounds of a large house belonging to pioneer 19th-century electrician, Andrew Crosse, whose family had owned the house from its construction.</p><br>
<p>Having lost his parents, his father in 1800 and his mother in 1805, Crosse took over the management of the family estates at the age of 21. Among his experiments Crosse erected "an extensive apparatus for examining the electricity of the atmosphere," incorporating at one point an insulated wire some 1.25 mi long, later shortened to 1,800 ft, suspended from poles and trees. Using this wire he was able to determine the polarity of the atmosphere under various weather conditions. His results were published by his friend George Singer in 1814, as part of Singer&#39;s Elements of Electricity and Electro-Chemistry.</p><br>
<p>Along with Sir Humphry Davy (who visited Fyne Court in 1827), Crosse was one of the first to develop large voltaic piles. Although it was not the largest he built, Henry Minchin Noad&#39;s Manual of Electricity describes a battery consisting of 50 jars containing 73 ft&sup2; of coated surface. Using his wires Crosse was able to charge and discharge it some 20 times a minute, "accompanied by reports almost as loud as those of a cannon". He became known locally as "the thunder and lightning man". In 1836 Sir Richard Phillips described seeing a wide variety of voltaic piles at Fyne Court, totalling 2,500, of which 1,500 were in use when he visited.</p><br>
<p>The house was the childhood home of The Right Hon. Susan Harris, Countess of Malmsbury, who was the daughter of John Hamilton of Fyne Court and the second wife of James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, Foreign Secretary and Tory politician. She published a number of books and articles in her lifetime including Village Life in England in which she recorded some reminiscences of life in Broomfield. She later married Major General Sir John Charles Ardagh who is buried in Church of St Mary & All Saints, Broomfield churchyard and wrote an account of his life.</p><br>
<p>The house burnt down in 1894. However the detached music room in which Crosse conducted his experiments survived, along with some of the books and oil paintings by Anthony van Dyck and Peter Paul Rubens. The laboratory table on which Crosse carried out experiments stands in the aisle of the Church of St. Mary and All Saints in Broomfield and an obelisk in his memory is in the churchyard.</p><br>
<p>In 1918 several hundred acres of the woodland within the park was sold at an auction in Taunton. Fyne Court has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1967 and was used as the headquarters of the Somerset Wildlife Trust. The Quantock Hills AONB Service have their headquarters in the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>Fyne Court is surrounded by a 65 acre estate.</p><br>
<p>Much of the landscaping, including an arboretum laid out in 1780, has become overgrown and now provides varied habitats including broadleaved woodland, ponds and meadows grazed by highland cattle. The site is home to over 100 species of fungi and some rare invertebrates. In the grounds is a folly with two 4 m wide crenelated towers, and a boathouse.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant Reed House was a sidehall shotgun house in Biloxi, Mississippi on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built by Pleasant Reed , a former slave on a Mississippi farm who moved with his family to coastal Biloxi after the American Civil War. Reed, as a freedman, worked as a laborer and carpenter and earned the money to build his own house for his rapidly growing family.</p><br>
<p>The house was saved by the Biloxi chapter of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority and added to the National Register in 1979. In 2003, the House was moved to the new Frank Gehry-designed campus of the Ohr-O&#39;Keefe Museum Of Art, where it was restored and opened to the public for tours.</p><br>
<p>On August 29, 2005, the House was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. However, the original archival materials and photographs were saved by museum curators, and the museum&#39;s Board of Trustees voted to rebuild the Pleasant Reed House.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant Reed Interpretive Center, a replica of the original house, opened to the public on September 29, 2008. The center features exhibits on local African American history.</p><br>
<p>The South River is a 10 mi tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in Anne Arundel County, Maryland in the United States. It lies south of the Severn River, east of the Patuxent River, and north of the West River and Rhode River, and drains to the Chesapeake Bay.</p><br>
<p>Total watershed area is 66 square miles(including water surface), 56 square miles (or 85%) of it land. From its headwaters in western Anne Arundel County in Crofton, the river enters the Chesapeake Bay south of the historic port city of Annapolis, hence the name South River. Its major non-tidal branches include the North River, which is the non-tidal portion of the South River, and Bacon Ridge Branch, which drains the area east of the North River. Their confluence is between Maryland Route 450 (Defense Highway) and US 50 (John Hanson Highway). Some of the creeks on its north shore drain highly developed portions of Annapolis, especially Church Creek, which drains much of the Parole and Annapolis Harbour shopping centers.</p><br>
<p>The navigable portion of the South River is crossed by two bridges, one carrying Maryland Route 2 (Solomons Island Road), known as the South River Bridge, and the other carrying Riva Road, known as the Riva Bridge. A bridge carrying US 50 crosses its upper tidal reaches.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although there are currently no major towns on the river other than Annapolis and Edgewater, a "lost town" called London Town (also known as Londontowne or Londontown) was established on the south shore of the river in 1683, and was once the county seat and a major port. It was located between Almshouse Creek (named because London Town&#39;s only surviving house was used as the county almshouse until 1965) and Glebe Bay, and across the river from Ferry Point (before the bridges were built, ferries to Annapolis ran between London Town and Ferry Point). The one surviving house, the William Brown house, built between 1758–1764, has been restored and is open to the public as part of Historic London Town and Gardens. Another historic structure near the South River, the well-known and frequently photographed Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse, is just outside the mouth of the South River.</p><br>
<p>The Afon Lledr  is a river in north-west Wales and the second major tributary of the River Conwy.</p><br>
<p>The Lledr has its source on the eastern slopes of Ysgafell Wen, which lies between Moel Siabod and Cnicht. It flows in a north-easterly direction towards Blaenau Dolwyddelan, where Ceunant Ty&#39;n y Ddol joins it, then flows under the Roman Bridge (Welsh: Pont-y-Sarn-Ddu) and past Dolwyddelan, where Afon Penamnen joins it. It continues to the north-east past Pont-y-Pant and then east along the Lledr Valley, running parallel to the A470 and the railway line from Blaenau Ffestiniog to Llandudno with stations in the Lledr Valley at Roman Bridge, Dolwyddelan, and Pont-y-Pant. The river joins the River Conwy to the south of Betws-y-Coed.</p><br>
<p>Russell Island is a small private island in the St. Clair River in the USA state of Michigan between Algonac and Walpole Island, Ontario, Canada. It is immediately upriver from Sand Island which is itself immediately upriver from Harsens Island; it includes two smaller islands, Anderson Island on the northwest, and "The Gold Coast" on the southwest. The island, which is accessible only via passenger ferry or by private watercraft, contains about 150 cottages. There are no cars on the island; the only motorized vehicles are golf carts.</p><br>
<p>Russell Island is part of Clay Township in St. Clair County and is an acceptable name for the Algonac ZIP code 48001, which serves most of the township on the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Russell Island was settled in 1802 by Christian Frederick Denke, a Moravian missionary to the Ojibwe; the mission was abandoned in 1803. The island takes its name from Samuel Russell, who owned the island from 1855 to 1858. In the years 1905-1910 the island was leased by the Detroit, Belle Isle and Windsor Ferry Company (DBI&WFCo) as a summer resort colony, where visitors arrived on excursion steamers and lived in tents. In 1914, the owners of the island, justices William L. Carpenter and Flavius L. Brooke of the Michigan Supreme Court and Detroit real estate developer William W. Hannan, formed the Russell Island Company and subdivided the island for sale as individual plots. The three founders built the first three cottages in 1915-16. The island was accessible via the White Star Line&#39;s steamer Tashmoo. Today the Russell Island Property Owners Association (RIPOA) provides amenities such as a park, docks and ferry service for cottage owners.</p><br>
<p>Oštra Luka  is a village and a municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The municipality is situated in the northwestern part of the Republika Srpska entity and the central part of the Bosanska Krajina region. The municipality was also known as Srpski Sanski Most  and was formed after the Dayton Agreement from part of the pre-war municipality of Sanski Most .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipality is located between the municipalities of Bosanski Novi/Novi Grad and Prijedor in the north, Banja Luka in the east, Ribnik in the south, Sanski Most in the south and west, and Bosanska Krupa in the west.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<h3>1991</h3><br>
<p>In 1991, the population of Oštra Luka village numbered 1,443 people.</p><br>
<h3>2013 Census</h3><br>
<p>Page text.</p><br>
<p>Yeronga Memorial Park is a heritage-listed park at Ipswich Road, Yeronga, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The park has an area of 224,600m² and is one of the oldest in Brisbane, having been established in 1882, and has been a World War I memorial since 1917. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 December 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Yeronga Memorial Park is bounded by Ipswich Road to the east, Villa Street to the north, Park Road to the west, and School Road to the south. Its evolution has reflected the development of Yeronga and a number of important themes and events in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The area was inhabited by the Coorparoo or Yerongpan clans of the Jagera tribe before the arrival of Europeans, and continued to be used by them for some time after the establishment of a convict settlement Brisbane in 1824. The area was then used by Europeans to depasture sheep from the Government Farm in Oxley.</p><br>
<p>Development of the Darling Downs made the Ipswich Road the main route to the interior, and the initial rough track was surveyed in the 1860s. The first sales of Crown land in the Yeronga area, involving 154 acres, had taken place in 1854. Land use in the area moved towards dairying and crops, including arrowroot, cotton, sugar, corn and potatoes. In 1879, the Queensland Government established a system of local government in Queensland. At that time, Yeronga was situated within the Yeerongpilly Division (a local government area) administered by the Yeerongpilly Divisional Board. The Yeerongpilly Division originally extended from Brisbane south to the Logan River and from Mount Gravatt to Goodna.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 the Yeerongpilly Divisional Board declared 419,900m² of land off Ipswich Road to be a Public Park and Recreation Ground. In 1886 the Stephens Division (about nine square miles, and including Yeronga) was split off from Yerongpilly Division, putting the park within the Stephens Division, which in 1888 made 417,400m² of the park a permanent reserve.</p><br>
<p>The first major boost to development around Yeronga occurred when the South Brisbane to Corinda railway link was opened in 1884 including the Yeronga railway station. The railway link initiated Yeronga&#39;s popularity as a residential suburb. By 1887 the Stephens Division had a population of 3480, and by the 1890s Yeronga had become popular with the elite, with grand homes intermingling with farming estates and small subdivisions. In 1903, Stephens Division became Stephens Shire. The second main phase of development at Yeronga was again transport-related; it began after the Ipswich Road tramline reached Yeronga Park in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Yeronga Memorial Park is one of the oldest parks in Brisbane. In 1882 103 acres and three roods (41.9 hectares), of portions 153A, 154A, and 155A Parish of Yeerongpilly, County of Stanley, was declared a reserve for a Public Park and Recreation Ground. In 1888 102 acres, three roods and 62 perches were declared a permanent reserve under the Stephens Divisional Board, and areas of the current park were cleared. Remaining native vegetation suggests that the reserve was originally open eucalypt forest. However, the extent of the reserve has been reduced over time by excisions. Part of portion 155A was lost in 1888 to the South Coast railway line and a water reserve. In 1902 and 1912 some parts of 155A were given over to Villa Street, and in 1919 part of the school reserve was added to the park to form Honour Avenue, while some land was lost to a repositioning of the railway line. In 1921 part of portion 155A was reserved for showground purposes, but it was returned to the park in 1925. In 1930 some land from portion 153A was excised for the erection of the Yeronga Fire Station (1934), and in 1931 land from 153A was added to the school reserve for the construction of a sports oval. In 1950 a part of 153A facing School Road was excised for the Yeronga Kindergarten and Pre-School, and in 1953 the remainder of 155A was removed, later being occupied by Yeronga State High School (1960) and the Yeronga Technical College (1967). In 1975 another part of 153A facing School Road was excised for a Meals on Wheels Depot, and the current park covers 22.46 hectares.</p><br>
<p>One of the most historically significant aspects of Yeronga Park is its World War I memorial role, which was developed between 1917 and 1921. Circa 1917, a road was constructed through the park, aligned east to southwest, from Park Road to Ipswich Road. Between 1917 and 1919 a total of 96 weeping figs and flame trees were planted either side of this road, forming Honour Avenue. Each tree was accompanied by a timber post topped with a metal shield which bore the name of a soldier by the Stephens Shire who had died in the war. Having a named avenue of memorial trees within a park is uncommon in Queensland. The memorial avenue is one of the earliest of its type in Australia. KS Inglis, author of "Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape" (1998) identifies the earliest World War I avenue of honour as being established in Victoria in 1917, which is contemporaneous with the Yeronga Park memorial avenue.</p><br>
<p>A memorial pavilion and two sets of memorial gates to the park were built in 1921. The gates stand at each end of Honour Avenue, and although the pavilion is offset to the north-east of the avenue, it is still linked to the other memorial elements by a palm-lined footpath that runs diagonally from Honour Avenue to Ipswich Road. The domed pavilion form of war memorial is uncommon. The dedication on the southern inner pier of the Ipswich Road Gates, to the women workers of Stephens Shire, is also unusual in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The outpouring of grief in Australia that accompanied the deaths of 60,000 servicepeople in World War I, and the fact that the dead were buried overseas, led to a period of memorial-building across the nation. Of the 559 residents of the Stephens Shire that had enlisted in World War I, the names of 97 are carved into the marble tablets fixed onto a stone in the centre of the memorial pavilion. Although the original shields set on posts by the trees have long since disappeared, they have been replaced by name plates set into concrete at the base of the trees, or on the path along Honour Avenue. Given the attrition rate on the original trees along the avenue, other trees in the park, near the Ipswich Road gates, have received plaques. The old-style plaque and post arrangement can be seen under a mango tree in front of the Country Women&#39;s Association Rooms on School Road, dedicated to Private Thomas Markey.</p><br>
<p>Following the formation of Greater Brisbane in 1925, the administration of Yeronga Park passed to the Brisbane City Council.</p><br>
<p>During World War II Yeronga Park was occupied by a number of American military units. A 1946 aerial photograph shows an extensive network of huts, which had been erected in the park to accommodate these troops. Little physical evidence of this occupation survives within the park. Part of the existing Girl Guides hall at the northern end of the park may date to this period. To the west of the memorial pavilion the American Legion has erected a memorial stone, commemorating the World War II occupation of the park by the United States&#39; military forces.</p><br>
<p>Apart from its role as a memorial park and as "Camp Yeronga" in World War II, Yeronga Park has also been an active recreation venue for most of its history, and various clubs have leased sections of the park. The Yeronga Tennis Club was formed in 1909, and still occupies the three courts near Villa Street. Four other early courts on a terrace near the bowling club have reverted to grass. The Queensland Blind Cricket Association erected a timber hall in the north of the park in the 1920s, and the Stephens Croquet Club was formed in 1923. In the same year the Croquet Club built a wooden clubhouse in the north-east of the park. The Annerley Bowls Club operated in the park from 1927 to 1992, and its modern two-storied brick clubhouse, to the west of the croquet club, is now used by the Brisbane Bridge Centre. There is also a brick shed, which was extended in the 1950s, standing to the south of the upper bowling green. In 1936 a large in-ground draughtsboard was built to the southwest of the World War I memorial pavilion, and this was resurfaced in 2003. The Yeronga Park shale stone wall, which runs south along Ipswich Road from the memorial gates appears to have been the result of a Depression works project in the mid 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The Yeronga Park Memorial Swimming Pool Complex was built in the southwest of the park between 1960 and 1964, with an Olympic pool and two wading pools, and a heated pool was added by 1972. Designed by architects Bligh Jessup Brentnall and Partners, the pool complex is a type of war memorial that was favoured after World War II. Utilitarian structures such as swimming pools and hospitals were considered to be a more appropriate gesture of remembrance than purely monumental structures. In 1970 the Southern Districts Rugby Football Club took out a lease in the park. Their current clubhouse was built in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Non-sports organisations have also staked their claim on park land. The Kurilpa Scouts occupy the Baden Powell Memorial Hall, and the Yeronga Girl Guides occupy a building further east along Villa Street. The Yeronga Boy Scouts, who occupied the scout hall until 2003, was established in 1921. There was a smaller building present in a 1946 aerial photograph, but it was aligned parallel to Park Road. The current hall is drawn in its present position and configuration on a 1951 map. The Annerley Girl Guides was formed in 1934, and their current timber hall may be a relic of the World War II military occupation of the park, with a 1950s concrete block extension. The Queensland Country Women&#39;s Association established a headquarters on the School Road side of the park in 1952. Three organisations also built on land that was excised from the park, as mentioned earlier: the Yeronga Fire Station, the Yeronga Park Kindergarten and Preschool Association, and Meals on Wheels.</p><br>
<p>Some features of the park have disappeared over time, and these include the small huts, with white or grey mineral siding, built in World War II for the United States military. Various older sports clubhouses have also been replaced or removed over time. There was a small clubhouse next to the tennis courts by 1946, but the current concrete block clubhouse was built between 1964 and 1972. The concrete block clubhouse of the Queensland Blind Cricket Association was built in the 1950s, with a later extension to the west. A small shed due east of this clubhouse has been removed since the 1980s. The original interwar timber two-storied Annerley Bowls Club clubhouse was replaced with the current brick two-storied clubhouse before 1972. There also appears to have been an octagonal shelter in the north-east corner of the current Rugby field, until the 1970s. This area had long been used for Sunday School picnics, which usually occurred on the Eight Hour Day holiday in May. A brick pavilion to the west of the Souths Rugby Clubrooms, visible in aerial photographs from 1960 onwards, has been demolished recently. Honour Avenue has lost a number of its original trees, and the most easterly section of bitumen and kerbing, near the Ipswich Road Gates, has been removed. The most intact section of the avenue of trees lies adjacent to the central cricket oval.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 a plaque commemorating people from the area who had served in World War II, the Malayan Emergency, the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation and the Vietnam War was added to the gates on Park Road.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Yeronga Memorial Park is bounded by Ipswich Road to the east, Villa Street to the north, Park Road to the west, and School Road to the south. A road, formerly Frederick Street, enters the park from the north, providing access to car parking for the Bridge Club and Croquet Club. Honour Avenue, which is bitumened, crosses the northern part of the park, with vehicle access from the Park Road end only. Weeping figs (Ficus benjamina) are planted symmetrically, several metres from the kerb. Honour Avenue effectively divides the park into two zones: the sports facilities established in the early twentieth century are situated to the north of Honour Avenue, and the native woodland and late twentieth century sports facilities are situated to the south of Honour Avenue.</p><br>
<p>At the western end of Honour Avenue are the memorial gates at Park Road. These consist of two pairs of red brick piers with smooth rendered corners. They stand on rough rendered plinths, and are topped by projecting cornices crowned by globes. The two inner piers support vehicle gates, and there are also iron pedestrian gates on each side of Honour Avenue. A metal plaque on the southern inner pier reads:These gates have been erected by the residents of Yeronga and District as a permanent memorial to those men and women of the suburb who served in the Great War 1914–1919.The plaque (1979) on the northern inner pier reads:This plaque has been dedicated as a memorial to those men and women of the district who served in World War II 1939–1945 and Malaya, Borneo, Vietnam 1948–1973.The Ipswich Road memorial gates, where Honour Avenue used to link with Ipswich Road, are more ornate, with the inner two piers being taller, and have smaller engaged piers facing towards the pedestrian piers. Each of the four main piers stands on a smooth rendered plinth. Low brick walls form a small enclosure on the park side of each pedestrian entrance, and there is a wooden fence leading to the gates from the footpath, north and south of the piers. On each face underneath the cornices is a decorative band of render inset with a green glazed tile displaying a floral pattern. The northern plaque reads: These gates were erected by the women of Stephens Shire in honour of the men who fought for them. The southern plaque reads: This tablet is dedicated to the women workers of Stephens Shire.</p><br>
<p>The World War I memorial pavilion stands on the southern edge of the rough-formed carpark of the ex-bowling clubhouse, near a palm-lined pedestrian path running diagonally from Honour Avenue to Ipswich Road. The square pavilion is rendered in concrete. The corner pilasters with ornamental capitals carry a thin encircling entablature, with a heavy projecting cornice above. A low parapet conceals a gutter for the domed roof. Standing on a plinth of concrete steps, each of the four arched entrances contains a decorative iron gate and fence. The pavilion shelters a square, polished stone pillar on a rough sandstone plinth. Marble tablets on each side of the stone pillar record the names of the dead from Stephens Shire, in World War I. A plaque also notes: July 1921- Erected by the residents of Stephens Shire and District in appreciation of our boys who sacrificed their lives in the Great War 1914–1919. A small sandstone flaming urn crowns the pillar. A World War II memorial stone stands to the west of the pavilion.</p><br>
<p>To the north of Honour Avenue are a number of other significant facilities within the park. From west to east, these include: a Scout hall; three tennis courts; a Girl Guides hall; the site of old tennis courts on a grassy terrace near Frederick Street; and two unused interwar bowling greens, set at different levels. A brick shed stands to the south of the upper bowling green.</p><br>
<p>The Scout hall is low set, long and rectangular, with narrow vertical timber boards for most of the building, and weatherboards around the wider eastern section. It has a galvanised iron roof, and double- hopper windows. The Girl Guides hall has an early (possibly 1940s) weatherboard, skillion-roofed section with a later concrete block extension.</p><br>
<p>Several croquet greens and a croquet clubhouse occupy the north-east corner of the park. The weatherboard clubhouse of the Stephens Croquet Club is a small rectangular building with a gambrel roof clad with corrugated iron. It stands on concrete stumps. The roof ridge has an orbed finial at each end, above small gablets which ventilate the roof space. A small projecting pediment marks the main entrance, which faces north over the lawns. The building has early multi-paned windows.</p><br>
<p>A large in-ground draughtsboard stands between the ex- Bowling Club and Honour Avenue, and an arris rail fence runs north from the memorial gates along Ipswich Road. A shale stone retaining wall runs along Ipswich Road, forming an embankment terrace running south from the memorial gates. A cricket oval lies south-west of the rugby field, and the timber Country Women&#39;s Association (CWA) rooms face School Road on the southern edge of the park, between the old Yeronga Fire Station and the Yeronga Park Kindergarten and Preschool Association. The CWA building is a modest timber cottage, supported on low concrete stumps and sheltered by a hip roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. Between the Swimming Pool Complex and Honour Avenue is a third cricket oval.</p><br>
<p>Located in the naturalistic bushland landscape of the southwest corner of the park, the Swimming Pool complex includes a masonry slab-on- ground, change rooms and kiosk building, one Olympic size swimming pool, two small wading pools, a 25m heated swimming pool and a small masonry swim club building. The wading pools are sheltered by shade structure and there is a scattering of poolside chairs and tables around the concourse. The pool complex is fenced and entry is from School Road. A bitumen carpark stands adjacent to Yeronga State School.</p><br>
<p>The mature trees featured around the park include the area of eucalyptus woodland near the swimming pools, and the plantings associated with the park&#39;s memorial role. These include the weeping figs planted along Honour Avenue, of which those in the centre of the park are the best examples. Other mature figs are planted along Ipswich Road and School Road. There are Canary Island date palms along the path near the memorial pavilion, and also along the northern boundary of the bowling and croquet greens. A large double-row, alternately queen palms and Chinese fan palms, curves from Ipswich Road, behind the rugby grounds, to School Road, and a line of queen palms runs across the northern boundary of the park. There are some queen palms planted along the eastern side of Frederick Street, which extends into the park, and a small double row of palms cuts from Frederick Street diagonally to Honour Avenue. Some palms also run down Park Road in front of the Scout hall. Two mango trees stand near the old tennis court terrace, there are cypress trees planted on three sides of the functioning tennis courts, and assorted specimen and memorial trees grow on the east lawn between the memorial pavilion and the Ipswich Road memorial gates. A large tallow wood eucalyptus stands near the entry to the rugby ground carpark.</p><br>
<p>Informative Note The current clubhouse of the Southern Districts Rugby Union Club, the former bowling clubhouse, the cricket pavilion, the modern tennis courts and tennis clubhouse, the Girl Guides clubhouse and the toilet block south of the Honour Avenue are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The park is home to the Yeronga Park Heated Pools, has a Beach volleyball area, Swimming Club, Tennis Club as well as Lawn Bowls and Cricket fields. A Brisbane City Council 50m swimming pool complex is situated on the southern edge of the park. The Swimming Club was established in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Yeronga Memorial Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 December 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Yeronga Memorial Park is important in demonstrating part of the pattern of Queenslands history, being a recreation reserve established in 1882, and later a memorial park from 1917. Within the layout, structures, buildings, plantings and activities pursued in the park are illustrated several important themes and events in Queenslands history. These historical layers include: sporting activities since the 1880s, including Queensland Blind Cricket, bowls and croquet since the 1920s; Boy Scouts and Girl Guides activities; a World War I and World War II memorial function; and providing a Depression-era work opportunity in the construction of the stone wall along Ipswich Road.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The memorial avenue lined with trees, memorial gates, and memorial pavilion, created between 1917 and 1921, are key aspects of the park, both historically and in establishing the current layout of the park. They demonstrate the process of grieving that was occurring across Stephens Shire (1903 to 1925), Queensland and Australia at that time. After World War I, most Queensland communities erected a public memorial to honour local participation in the war, and each monument is a unique historical documentary record. The honour avenue is one of the earliest World War I memorial avenues established in Australia. The domed memorial pavilion is an uncommon form of war memorial in Queensland. The dedication on the Ipswich Road memorial gates, to the women workers of Stephens Shire, is an unusual public recognition of women&#39;s role in World War I.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Yeronga Memorial Park is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type: a public park since 1882 and a war memorial since 1917. Much of the 1917 layout of the park survives. Elements within the park that are important in demonstrating the use of the park for these purposes include: the tennis courts and surrounding cypress trees; the croquet clubroom and lawn (1923); a pedestrian path lined by palms (pre-1946); the bowls club lawns (1927); the in-ground draughtsboard (1936); the memorial pavilion (1921); the World War II memorial stone north of Honour Avenue which is formed by a memorial avenue of trees (1917–1919); the memorial gates (1921). To the south of Honour Avenue, lies the CWA hall (1952), the Memorial Swimming Pool Complex (1960–1964); the shale stone retaining wall along Ipswich Road (1930s); a curved palm avenue (pre-1946) and indigenous vegetation (primarily eucalypts).</p><br>
<p>Individual features of the park are also good examples of their type, such as the timber Croquet clubroom and lawn, the bowling greens, the memorial gates, the memorial pavilion, and the Memorial Swimming Pool Complex.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Yeronga Memorial Park is significant for its aesthetic values. Contributing to this value are the substantial and imposing memorial gates at both entrances that provide a fitting and dignified entrance to Honour Avenue and the memorial pavilion. The shale stone wall, running south from the Ipswich Road gates towards the former Yeronga Fire Station, is a picturesque feature. The abundance of trees in the park, interspersed with open sporting areas, provide for pleasing vistas within the park, especially between the croquet club and the tennis courts, and across the central cricket oval. The croquet clubroom and the brick structure near the upper bowling green, also contribute to its aesthetic quality. The park also contributes to the streetscape along Ipswich Road at Yeronga/Annerley.</p><br>
<p>The mature trees that enhance the picturesque aspect of the park include: the surviving memorial fig trees along Honour Avenue; those planted in the eastern memorial lawn; the memorial palms in numerous locations within the park; the cypress trees around the tennis courts; the mango trees near the old tennis court site; the fig trees along Ipswich Road and School Road; and the eucalyptus woodland near the swimming pools.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Given the role of the park as a memorial to the war dead of the Stephens Shire, its long history of use by sporting groups, and its presence as a landmark on Ipswich Road, Yeronga Park has a strong and ongoing association with the local community and is of social significance.</p><br>
<p>Wattamolla is the name of a cove, lagoon, and beach on the New South Wales coast south of Sydney, within the Royal National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wattamolla is the local Aboriginal name of the area, meaning "place near running water". That name was recorded as Watta-Mowlee by Matthew Flinders, but is today spelt Wattamolla.</p><br>
<p>Flinders, George Bass and a boy, William Martin were exploring in a small boat named Tom Thumb when on the evening of 29 March 1796a southerly gale (known as a southerly buster in Sydney), forced them to seek shelter.</p><br>
<p>They had been travelling northwards after having explored as far south as where Wollongong now is and in the darkness were using the cliffs and the noise of the surf to steer parallel with the coast.</p><br>
<p>Flinders, "steering with an oar", thought the dark outline of cliffs ended and believed he saw breakers, so he turned the boat towards shore. Catching a large wave, they "shot across a sandbar" and in moments were in the calm sheltered water of the lagoon, which in relief they named Providential Cove.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lansing is a 461 acre lake in Haslett, Michigan just a few miles northeast of the state&#39;s capital city of Lansing.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Lake Lansing was originally known as Pine Lake, and was a highly popular recreation site in the early 1900s. The name was changed to Lake Lansing in 1927. The lake soon began to decline in recreational popularity, and was neglected for many decades until it was dredged in 1978, restoring the health of the lake. About 280 homes now surround the lake. Two sailing clubs also have property on the lake. In addition there are two public parks.</p><br>
<p>A special assessment district created by the township enables education, ongoing testing, evaluation and management of the lake to control weeds, encourage phosphorus free fertilization, round up geese and other activities to keep the lake healthy and safe for recreational use.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Lansing Property Owners Association maintains a communication system for property owners, works for safety on the lake, sponsors numerous social activities and advocates on behalf of its members on riparian rights and other issues.</p><br>
<h2>Sailing clubs</h2><br>
<p>The Lansing Sailing Club sponsors an active program of racing and day sailing for sailboat owners as well as "learn to sail" programs for adults and junior sailing camps for students grades 5 thru 12.</p><br>
<p>The Michigan State University Sailing Center offers a "Learn to Sail" class, as well as other classes. The Center also offers a variety of memberships that enable individuals to sail MSU Sailing Center boats.</p><br>
<h2>Public parks</h2><br>
<p>Three public parks, one with trailer launching access, are operated by the Ingham County Parks Department. Lake Lansing Park South includes a Band Shell, boat rental, fishing dock, swimming beach, bath house beach, volleyball courts, summer snack bar, horseshoe pits, picnic grounds, and shelters. Lake Lansing Park North is home to many trails, playgrounds, and picnic areas. The Lake Lansing Boat Launch, located on the North side of Lake Lansing provides two boat launch ramps, a picnic area, basketball court, a powerboat washer and paved parking. Alcoholic beverages are prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Lake Lansing is home to several types of fish including: Largemouth bass, Smallmouth bass, Northern pike, carp, crappie, bluegill, Redear sunfish, perch, and several types of Catfish.</p><br>
<p>Los Roques archipelago is a federal dependency of Venezuela consisting of approximately 350 islands, cays, and islets in a total area of 40.61 square kilometers. The archipelago is located 128 km directly north of the port of La Guaira.</p><br>
<p>The islands&#39; pristine coral reef attracts many wealthy visitors, especially from Europe, some of whom come in their own yachts and anchor in the inner, protected shallow waters. Development and tourism are controlled.</p><br>
<p>Because of the wide variety of seabirds and rich aquatic life, the Venezuelan government declared Los Roques a National Park in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago is sparsely populated, having about 1,500 permanent inhabitants; however it receives approximately 70,000 visitors a year, many of them day-visitors who come from Caracas and the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The major islands of the archipelago have an atoll structure, with two external barriers formed by coral communities, and an inner lagoon and sandy shallows. The park consists of 40.61 km², 1500 km² of coral reefs, 42 coral cays surrounding a shallow central lagoon of 400 km², two barrier reefs (24 km east and 32 km south) and 300 sand banks, islands and cays, ranging in size from Cayo Grande (15.1 km²) to the Gran Roque (1.7 km²). Other important islands are Francisqui, Nordisqui, Madrisqui, and Crasqui.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>El Gran Roque is the only populated island in the group. It has an airport suitable for small or STOL aircraft, Los Roques Airport. The airport is controlled from the Maiquetía airport on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>From El Gran Roque most visitors that arrive, go to the port and travel to the keys in small boats called "peñeros" from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands were sighted by early European navigators, and in 1589 the governor of the Venezuelan province ordered the formal takeover of these islands on behalf of the colony. The Dutch considered Los Roques to belong to their island territory of Curaçao because of its proximity to Bonaire which also belonged to the Dutch. The author M.D. Teenstra in 1836 still writes (in his book The Dutch West Indies): "The Government of Curaçao also includes the uninhabited islets and rocks Little Curaçao, Aves, Roques and Orchilla." In 1871 the Venezuelan president Antonio Guzmán Blanco created by decree the Territorio Colón (Columbus Territory) which included Los Roques and other adjacent islands. The island of Gran Roque was named as the center of territorial government.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate is warm and dry, with average annual temperature of 27.3 &deg;C in July and August, reaches a maximum of 34 °, and between September and January are presented occasional rain, with relative humidity 83% annually. Rainfall is 256.6 mm / year; minimum 6.6 mm (April) and maximum 52.2 mm (November).</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<p>The population of the Roques concentrates mainly on the island of Gran Roque and to a lesser extent its adjacent islets, for 1941, was estimated at about 484 people for 1950 reached 559, and in 1987 663 permanent inhabitants. According to the Venezuelan census of 2001 1.209 inhabitants were counted, by 2008 it is estimated that the number of its inhabitants is around 1,800.</p><br>
<p>Its growth is limited because of restrictions involving the declaration as a national park in the 1970s most of the population is margariteño origin who came to the islands mainly to engage in fishing since the early twentieth century in addition to the presence of small groups of foreigners (mostly Italian).</p><br>
<p>The Prince of Wales Island, called Muralug in the native name, is an island of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago at the tip of Cape York Peninsula within the Endeavour Strait of Torres Strait in Queensland, Australia. The island is situated approximately 20 km north of Muttee Heads which is adjacent to Bamaga and south of Thursday Island.</p><br>
<p>The Prince of Wales Island is administered by the Torres Shire Council. However most of the land has been returned to the Kaurareg people, who are the traditional owners of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>With an area of 204.6 km², Prince of Wales Island is the largest of the Torres Strait Islands. Being inhabited only by a few Kaurareg families (population 20 in 2001), it is very sparsely populated. The village in the north is called Muralug, after the native name of the island. The northeastern corner of the island, Kiwain Point, is only 830 m away from Vivien Point of Thursday Island, the main and most populous of the Torres Strait Islands, separated by Normanby Sound.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First recorded sighting by Europeans of Prince of Wales Island was by the Spanish expedition of Luís Vaez de Torres on 3 October 1606.</p><br>
<h2>Language</h2><br>
<p>The indigenous language of the Thursday Island group is Kaiwaligau Ya, also known as Kauraraigau Ya (the name in the form of the dialect of the 1800s). Kaiwalaig (Kauraraig) means "islander", and Kaiwaligau Ya (Kauraraigau Ya) means "islanders&#39; language". Kaiwaligau Ya is one of the four dialects of Kala Lagaw Ya, spoken throughout Torres Strait except for the Eastern Islands, where Meriam Mìr is spoken. Most Kowrareg now use Brokan (Torres Strait Creole) for everyday communication, though the dialect still has many good mother-tongue speakers.</p><br>
<p>Halfway Island is an island of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago located approximately 150 km northeast of Thursday Island in the Cumberland Passage of Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Halfway Island is about 100 km west of Yule Entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Shipwrecks</h2><br>
<p>Governor Ready. Wooden ship, 512 tons. Built Prince Edward Island 1825. Captain John Young. Wrecked on a reef between Murray and Halfway Islands north-east of Cape York, May 1829. Nineteen in the longboat, twelve in a skiff and eight in the jolly boat escaped from the wreck and after touching at various uninhabited islands, were rescued by the brig Amity off Timor. They had travelled 2500 km in fourteen days. The Governor Ready had brought 200 convicts from England in 1828, and had sailed from Sydney for Batavia on 18 March 1829, when lost.</p><br>
<p>Gorkhatri   is a caravanserai built over the site of ancient ruins in Peshawar, Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gorkhatri in the ancient city of Peshawar was identified by Alexander Cunningham with the Kanishka stupa, the giant stupa of King Kanishka the Great, while Professor Dr. Ahmad Hasan Dani identified it with the place where the famous tower of the Buddha bowl once stood.</p><br>
<p>Prof. S.M. Jaffar, in his monumental book "Peshawar: Past and Present", identified it with the place of Hindu pilgrimage where they performed the Sardukahr ritual (shaving off heads).</p><br>
<p>The celebrated Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, who visited Gandhara in the early 7th Century CE, had paid glowing tribute to the city and the Kanishka stupa in his memoirs. He also talked about a site, which many historians argue refers to Gorkhatri where "Buddha&#39;s giant bowl was kept".</p><br>
<p>Mughal Emperor Babar, who recorded its importance in his autobiography, visited the place.</p><br>
<p>We had heard stories about Gor Khatri, a holy place of the yogis and Hindus who came from long distances for pilgrimage and got their head and beards shaved there. At once I headed for Bigram (or present day Peshawar), saw its famed, ancient tree and surrounding countryside.</p><br>
<p>But much as we enquired about Gor Khatri, our guide Kamari said nothing about it. However, when we were almost back in our camp, he told Khwaja Muhammad Amin that Gor Khatri was in Bigram and that he had said nothing because of its confined cells and narrow passages. Khwaja Amin repeated his words to us. But we could not go back because the road was long and the day was spent.</p><br>
<p>In the early 16th century, Jahanara Begum, daughter of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, built a pavilion at the ancient site, and converted the site into a caravanserai, and named it Sarai Jahanabad. She also constructed a Jama Masjid, a sauna bath and two wells inside Sarai Jahanabad for the convenience of travelers.</p><br>
<p>The Sikhs converted the site into the residence and official headquarters of their mercenary general Paolo Avitabile who was governor of Peshawar from 1838-1842. They constructed a Hindu temple for Shiva there.</p><br>
<p>Gorkhatri is a typical Mughal-era serai and is located on one of the highest points of Peshawar city. It is a fortified compound consisting of an area of 160x160 square meters. It has two prominent gateways: one in the east and one in the west. The Gorakshanath temple is situated in the centre, a network of cells and buildings in the southern and western side of the complex and a fire brigade building, which was built in 1917.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Farzand Ali Durrani initiated the first vertical excavations at Gor Guthrree in 1992-93 but his excavation work could not be completed due to lack of funds. However, he confirmed the city foundation went back to at least the 3rd Century BC.</p><br>
<p>The second round of excavations carried on until 2007 in the north eastern aspect of Gorkhatri pushed Peshawar&#39;s age by another couple of centuries, officially making it the oldest living city in South Asia.</p><br>
<p>Rockport Reservoir, also called Wanship Reservoir, is a reservoir in Summit County, Utah, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>Rockport Reservoir is just south of the town of Wanship on Utah State Route 32. It is an impoundment on the Weber River, created by Wanship Dam.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was named for the former town of Rockport, which it completely submerged in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Wanship Dam</h2><br>
<p>Wanship Dam is a 175 ft high embankment dam. It has a crest length of 2,015 ft. It was built as part of the Weber Basin project between 1954 and 1957.</p><br>
<h2>State Park</h2><br>
<p>Rockport State Park is a 550 acre state park. The park is used for fishing, waterskiing, swimming, and boating on Rockport Reservoir. There are eight campgrounds, featuring a total of 36 RV sites, and 86 tent sites. A cross-country skiing trail is available during the winter.</p><br>
<p>Sevier Lake is an intermittent and endorheic lake which lies in the lowest part of the Sevier Desert, Millard County, Utah. Like Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake, it is a remnant of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville. Sevier Lake is fed primarily by the Beaver and Sevier rivers, and the additional inflow is from the lake&#39;s watershed that is part of the Escalante-Sevier hydrologic subregion. The lake has been mostly dry throughout recorded history and is a source of wind-blown dust in dust storms that frequently sweep the Wasatch Front.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded observation was in 1872, which stated that the lake&#39;s surface area was 188 square miles, salinity was measured at 86 parts per thousand, two and a half times that of the ocean, and maximum depth was 15 ft. In January 1880 the lake was nearly dry, and had been so for the past one or two years. The Sevier River which once flowed to the lake is now largely diverted for irrigation. In 1987 however, the lake was again similar to the recorded description of 1872.</p><br>
<p>The Dominguez-Escalante Expedition named it "Laguna de Miera" after a cartographer on their 1776 expedition. In 1825, trappers working for William Henry Ashley trapped the region, and Jedediah Smith named it after him, the Ashley Lake. On some maps, it was named after Joseph Nicollet in the mid-19th century. The lake is currently named for the river, which is derived from "Rio Severo" (wild river ), a local name given by early Spanish explorers.</p><br>
<h2>Water</h2><br>
<p>During late 2011, due to an unusually wet year, many man-made reservoirs in Millard County began dumping excess water through the Sevier River onto the Sevier Lake bed. Standing water existed on the playa for the first time since 1984 and extended down past Needle Point, which is the feature seen on the west edge of the lake. In the deepest points water levels were over three feet deep. Due to high salinity content, of over 20% TDS, the water never fully froze from the winter temperatures, which were well below freezing, except near the inlet of the Sevier River.</p><br>
<h2>Potash mining</h2><br>
<p>Currently an exploration-stage Sulphate of Potash mine project is underway on Sevier Lake. This is being headed up by Crystal Peak Minerals (CPM). Extensive exploration drilling has been completed over the entire playa and in 2013 CPM announced a measured and indicated resource estimate of 31.486 Mt of potassium sulfate.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Forum Novum  was a new Roman foundation which developed as a forum or market center during the Roman Republic period. By the early 1st century AD Forum Novum had been elevated to the status of municipium, appearing as such in Pliny&#39;s list of towns. It is located within today’s commune of Torri in Sabina in the province of Rieti.</p><br>
<p>Knowledge of the history of the centre comes largely from literary sources and the rich epigraphic evidence. Forum Novum seems to have functioned throughout the imperial period and a market was still being held at the center in the fourth century. Although urban life probably underwent a decline around this period, Forum Novum, later Vescovio, continued to act as a local and regional focus with the establishment of a bishopric in the fifth century, a role it maintained throughout the early medieval and medieval periods; it remains a titular see in the Catholic Church today.</p><br>
<p>Little systematic archaeological work has been carried out on the centre or its valley. Excavations carried out by the Soprintendenza Archeologica per il Lazio in the late 1970s and early 80s revealed the basilica, a temple complex, part of the forum and various associated buildings of uncertain function. The results have never been fully published.</p><br>
<h2>Recent Work at Forum Novum</h2><br>
<p>The current British School at Rome&#39;s project at Forum Novum began in 1997. The aim is to apply a series of approaches to the center in order to provide a detailed and systematic study. As such it provides a complement to the other urban studies being carried out as part of the Tiber Valley Project, in particular to the study of the larger scales of urban form currently being carried out by Simon Keay and Martin Millett.</p><br>
<p>The Survey results from Geophysical survey techniques have shown that the site does not seem to have had a dense settlement or population, and in fact the only buildings which seem to have been domestic were associated with the small tabernae. An urban villa was also found close to the centre and cannot be ignored in discussion of the site. As well as these buildings, the survey located the forum, baths complex and Amphitheatre. Some areas could not be surveyed with Geophysics and so Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to fill in the gaps.</p><br>
<p>Excavation was also carried out alongside the survey to give a fuller picture of the site.</p><br>
<p>The site does not seem to have been heavily populated, therefore, and can be interpreted as a focus for the rural population, which was monumentalized by some local elites, perhaps just the one family from the urban villa, trying to create a Roman settlement, but in order to understand the site more fully, a survey of the hinterland of Forum Novum would be appropriate.</p><br>
<p>Whether Forum Novum was the "norm" or an exception is only something which will be discovered with further surveying of the Tiber Valley.</p><br>
<p>Rivermead Island is a flat grassy island in the River Thames on the reach above Molesey Lock at Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey, England which is owned mostly by Spelthorne and as to a small part by Elmbridge Borough Council. It is currently owned by Shreya Pradhan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is a meadow lightly covered with trees with dense patches, shrubbery and reeds at each end. The former common land meadow is publicly open and Metropolitan Green Belt. It is a long area of open riverside on the side of the river opposite the Thames Path &mdash; from here the point of Sunbury Lock Island can be seen. It is connected to the bank by an elegant arched footbridge with simple metal balustrades and separate painted round handrails and in dry periods four-wheel vehicle access is possible via a ford of the narrow backwater separating it from the land.</p><br>
<p>Rivermead was originally two islands, the much smaller, downstream part being Swan&#39;s Rest, since the late 20th century completely joined, remaining part of Elmbridge as its fishing rights were anciently conferred to the parish south of the river.</p><br>
<h3>Flood risk</h3><br>
<p>At 9 metres above Ordnance Datum sea level whereas residential roads in Sunbury are at predominantly more than 10 metres, the island floods often when there is other non-tidal Thames flooding. In February 2014 the island was briefly completely submerged providing the main emergency flood meadow dealing with copious rainfall across the flood plain on the Sunbury stretch of the Molesey Reach reach. Hurst Park on the Hampton stretch of the reach is the other main flood meadow partly inhabited by tower block flat owners on the south bank, approximately 1.5 mi downstream. Most other inhabited islands have more elevated plots preventing or reducing the extent of fluvial (riparian) flooding.</p><br>
<h3>Nearby</h3><br>
<p>To augment the conveniences of public houses and restaurants in the village on the thin strip of land north of the island a standard 1960s public toilet and a Borough Council-managed and owned car park is behind a low wall facing the upper end on the Sunbury bank.</p><br>
<h2>Annual event</h2><br>
<p>The Sunbury Amateur Regatta which is a major Thames Skiff regatta takes place (as to its land activities) approximately in late August each year, attracting a funfair and local dignitaries.</p><br>
<p>Canyon Lake is a reservoir on the Guadalupe River in the Texas Hill Country in the United States. Canyon Lake is a USA Army Corps of Engineers reservoir formed on the Guadalupe River in Comal County by Canyon Dam, which is located about sixteen miles northwest of New Braunfels. The dam, lake, and all adjacent property are managed by the USA Army Corps Of Engineers. Water rights, waste water treatment, and hydroelectric generating facilities are managed by the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority. Construction of the dam began in 1958 and was completed in 1964. The reservoir serves to provide flood control and water conservation for the communities downstream from the dam. The lake is also a popular recreational destination.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Canyon Lake is located at 29&deg;52&prime;53&Prime;N latitude, 98&deg;14&prime;24&Prime;W longitude. Please note, this GPS coordinate does not correspond to a public access location (please see the section below on Public Access in the Recreation section). It is located in northern Comal County, Texas, on the northeastern fringe of the San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA. It is about northeast of Downtown San Antonio and southwest of Austin. Towns in the immediate vicinity of the lake include Canyon City, Crane&#39;s Mill, Hancock, Fischer, Sattler, and Startzville, all part of the census-designated place known as Canyon Lake, Texas. Larger towns nearby include New Braunfels and San Marcos.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Canyon Dam began in 1958 to provide both flood control and water conservation. Impoundment of the lake began in 1964, and the lake was filled to its conservation level in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Flood protection</h2><br>
<p>Flood protection is provided for nearly 250 square miles (647 km²) of land downstream from Canyon Dam. The canyons of the upper Guadalupe River have a capacity to carry 40,000 - 50,000 cubic feet per second (1,100 - 1,400 m³/s); however, the channel on the lower Guadalupe River, downstream from the Balcones Escarpment, can carry only 13,000-30,000 cubic feet per second (400 – 800 m³/s). This has led to serious flooding in the lower Guadalupe River Basin, including a major flood in New Braunfels in 1972 which was caused by heavy rains just downstream from Canyon Dam.</p><br>
<p>Canyon Dam protected downstream areas from major floods in 1978, 1987, 1991, 1992 and 1998. A record flood in July 2002 overtopped the spillway by more than seven feet (2 m) and caused significant damage below Canyon Dam.</p><br>
<p>In the 2002 flood, the peak flow was about 70,000 cubic feet per second (2,000 m³/s). The amount of water that flowed over the spillway was about 3½ times the amount of water that the reservoir holds. Erosion over the course of three days washed away soil below the spillway to reveal what is now the Canyon Lake Gorge.</p><br>
<h2>Water conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority (GBRA) has rights to the water in the conservation pool of the lake. This water is used to operate several small hydroelectric plants downstream from New Braunfels, and for municipal water supply, irrigation, and industrial uses. GBRA built a hydroelectric facility at Canyon Dam in August 1987; it was put into service in February 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Canyon Lake is a center for recreation in the area. The Corps of Engineers built and maintains eight park areas around the lake for camping, swimming, boating and picnicking. Bank fishing is available in all park areas, and a fishing dock can be found in Cranes Mill Park on the south side of the lake. Comal County provides several public boat ramps for access to the lake. Hike, bike and equestrian trails are available, as is limited hunting (archery only) and professional fishing guide services.</p><br>
<p>PUBLIC ACCESS TO CANYON LAKE - Swimming and Boating</p><br>
<p>The GPS coordinates given for a general search of Canyon Lake, Texas on Wikipedia or available from a Google search do not correspond to any public access areas. The only public access to the lake is at one of the parks, marinas or boat ramps around the lake. Although the Army Corps of Engineers owns and controls the shore immediately above the lake waterfront, the remainder of the lake shore (accessible by public roads) is privately owned property and public access to the lake shore through any of these properties is not allowed.</p><br>
<p>If more information is required (maps included) please visit the Texas Parks and Wildlife website: l</p><br>
<p>the Canyon Lake Guide website: http://www.canyonlakeguide.com/</p><br>
<p>and the USACE web page: http://www.swf-wc.usace.army.mil/canyon/Maps/Ramps_ShortFormat_2012_Full_WebVersion.pdf</p><br>
<p>There are several public parks on the shores of Canyon Lake that allow access to the lake for swimming, fishing and boating.</p><br>
<p>There are 2 marinas located on the lake. The marinas have boats and jet skis available for rent.</p><br>
<p>There are several public boat ramps on the lake as well as private boat ramps. Public access boat ramps are available free of charge. The private boat ramps at the marinas or in some of the parks are available to the public for a fee. There is no fishing or swimming allowed at any of the boat ramps.</p><br>
<h2>Lake level concerns</h2><br>
<p>Plans by GBRA to sell water from Canyon Lake to supply the fast-growing San Antonio and Austin regions have raised concerns that the lake will fall well below the established conservation pool level, potentially causing problems ranging from erosion and weakening of Canyon Dam to a decline in property values and possible health issues from the exposure of long-submerged land. This has led to several administrative actions and lawsuits over the future of Canyon Lake.</p><br>
<p>Panguitch Lake was originally a large natural lake  that has now been expanded by the creation of a 24 ft dam to become a reservoir with a maximum surface area of 1,248 acre. The lake, which drains into the Sevier River is located on the Markagunt Plateau, between Panguitch, Utah and Cedar Breaks National Monument. The lake is located in the Dixie National Forest in a high tourist use area near three national parks and one national monument.</p><br>
<p>Panguitch Lake contains several campgrounds. Convenience stores and an LDS chapel are within walking distance of the campgrounds, and the roads are well paved and maintained. Road access to the lake is provided by Utah State Route 143, also known as the Brian Head-Panguitch Lake Scenic Byway or Utah&#39;s Patchwork Parkway.</p><br>
<p>The earliest known use of Panguitch Lake was as a fishery by Paiute Indians (Panguitch means "big fish" in the Paiute language). Panguitch Lake was treated with rotenone beginning May 1, 2006 to potentially eradicate and control the invasive population of Utah chub, which were probably introduced accidentally by anglers who used them as live bait. The lake was restocked with 20,000 rainbow trout in 2006; as of 2016, the lake&#39;s fish population has recovered.</p><br>
